6th International Conference on Appropriate Technology Kenyatta University Conference Center November 2014, Nairobi, Kenya The International Network on Appropriate Technology Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Appropriate Technology “Appropriate Technology for the 21st Century: Technological Innovation to Empower Africa” Hosted at the Kenyatta University Conference Center Nairobi, Kenya, November 25 – 29, 2014 SECTION VII: KNOWLEDGE AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER Edited by Gada Kadoda SPONSORS Northern California National Council of Technical Black Professional Association Engineers (NCCBPE) 1 6th International Conference on Appropriate Technology Kenyatta University Conference Center November 2014, Nairobi, Kenya International Planning Committee A. Bakhiet, Sudan J. Bemley, USA H. Carwell, USA M. Castro, Puerto Rico T. Dalgety, Guyana J. Fortunak, USA J. Gwamuri, Zimbabwe G. Kadoda, Sudan J. Kiplagat, Kenya K. Madzima, RSA M. Muchie, RSA K. Ngige, Kenya M. Poe, USA D. Soumonni, RSA T. Shurn, USA J. Tharakan, USA J. Thomas, India J. Trimble, USA, Chair C. Verharen, USA Scientific Review Committee M. Castro, Peurto Rico J. Gwamuri, Zimbabwe S. Ismail, India G. Kadoda, Sudan, Co-Chair, Knowledge and Technology Transfer J. Kiplagat, Kenya, Co-Chair, Energy K. Madzima, RSA, Co-Chair, Policy and Standards M. Makokha, Kenya J. Matede, Kenya, Co-Chair, Construction and Infrastructure K. Ngige, Kenya L. Olang, Kenya, Co-Chair, Environment and Agriculture T. Shurn, USA P. S. Hari, India V. Sivasubramanian, India J. Tharakan, USA, Co-Chair, Green Economy and Innovation; Health; Water and Sanitation J. Thomas, India J. Trimble, USA C. Verharen, USA 2 6th International Conference on Appropriate Technology Kenyatta University Conference Center November 2014, Nairobi, Kenya TABLE OF CONTENTS Knowledge Map of Fields and Subfields of Erkowit Conferences (1966-2000) 6 Fatima Ali Sudanese Knowledge Society, Sudan Impact of Technology Transfer on Energy Consumption in Industrial Sector 13 Mélodie Mugeni, Oludolapo Akanni Olanrewaju, Josiah Munda and Augustin Mpanda French Graduate School of Engineering France. Centre for Energy and Electric Power, Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa Integrating Lectures and Labs for Undergraduate Science and Engineering Education through Innovations 21 Peter Bofah and Mohamed Chouikha Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Howard University, USA An Ontology-based Framework for Mobile Learning in Rural Secondary Schools 30 Sibangiso Ngwenya, Sikhulumani Bayeza Mangena , John Trimble, John Dumisani Hlatywayo and Khesani Richard Chilumani Department of Computer Science, National University of Science & Technology, Zimbabwe Community Centred Postal Service Development 37 John Trimble, Khesani. R. Chilumani and Ngwenya Sibangiso Computer Science Department, National University of Science and Technology, Zimbabwe Appropriate Technology and Media Interaction in India: An Overview 46 Parimala S. Rao The Hindu Business Line, India Rural Electrification Pathways to Wellbeing 54 Marcel J. Castro-Sitiriche and Jonathan Ozik University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez, Puerto Rico Argonne National Laboratory, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, South Africa 3 6th International Conference on Appropriate Technology Kenyatta University Conference Center November 2014, Nairobi, Kenya Technological Innovation in Nigeria: Using Open Source Electronic Health Recording Systems to Improve Health Management (Poster) 64 Ogochukwu Eburuoh Bowie State University, USA Cryptocurrency and Economic Sovereignty (Poster) 73 Matthew McIlhenny Independent Scholar, USA Knowledge Management in Organizations (Poster) 81 Yahia Holi University of Nileen, National Information Centre, Sudan Knowledge Management to Empower Organizations in Developing Countries (Poster) 87 Mohamed Elamin Mohamed DAL Food – Sayga Investment Co. Ltd, Sudan Massive Open Online Courses and How it Can be Helpful to Sudanese Students (Poster) 91 Ahmed Sirelkhatim Mohammed Sudanese knowledge Society, Sudan Project proposal: Bringing Raspberry PI computing to Sudan (Poster) 98 Nada Ali and Hanadi Alshayib Department of Information Technology, Faculty of Mathematical Sciences Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering University of Khartoum, Sudan The Role of ICTs Affecting Climate Change (Poster) 104 Wadah Elimam Department of Electrical Engineering (Communications Engineering), Academy of Engineering Sciences, Sudan A New Approach for Eliciting Non-Functional Requirements in Sudan: Collected and Analyzed Data (Poster) 109 Mujahid Khalifa and Rawaa Ali Department of Information Technology, Faculty of Computer Sciences, University of Kassala, Sudan Department of Computer Sciences, Faculty of Mathematical Sciences, University of Khartoum, Sudan 4 6th International Conference on Appropriate Technology Kenyatta University Conference Center November 2014, Nairobi, Kenya Software Development Challenges in Developing Countries (Poster) 115 Isra Mohammed and Romaysa Mohammed King Khalid University, Saudi Arabia Faculty of Mathematical Sciences, University of Khartoum 5 6th International Conference on Appropriate Technology Kenyatta University Conference Center November 2014, Nairobi, Kenya Knowledge Map of Fields and Subfields of Erkowit Conferences (1966-2000) Fatima Salaheldin Mohamad Ali, M.Sc. Sudanese Knowledge Society Email: [email protected] P.O. Box: 6333, Khartoum, Sudan Abstract Sudan as a third world country is facing a lot of development problems. In the middle sixties of the twentieth century the University of Khartoum organized a series of conferences entitled Erkowit Conference. Each conference was dedicated to a major topic of development. The government continuously provided financial and logistical support for holding this annual conference. The governments were supposed to benefit from the findings and recommendations of the conferences. The conference was held 13 times. Although the conference was not regularly held, it was completely stopped after 2000. The objective of this paper is making a knowledge map for Erkowit conferences from 1966 to 2000. Using topic based analysis technique knowledge map was developed. The K map contains 12 fields, 61 subfields and 357 papers. The highest numbers of papers (64) were under economics and foreign aids fields and the fields with low numbers of papers are infrastructure and demography. The most papers in research fields were in agriculture. Keywords: Knowledge Map, Sudan, Human Development, Conferences Introduction Sudan as a third world country is facing a lot of development problems. For studying these problems and coming out with solutions, the University of Khartoum organized a series of conferences entitled Erkowit conference. Erkowit is a summer resort in the red sea cliffs, thus it was selected as a place for holding this conference due to its fine weather and availability of accommodation. However the conference was held in places other than Erkowit but the name was kept. Each conference was dedicated to a major topic of development. The government continuously provided financial and logistical support for holding this annual conference. The governments were supposed to benefit from the findings and recommendations of the conferences. The conference was held 13 times (Appendix1) although the conference was not regularly held; it was completely stopped after 2000. Objectives The objectives of this paper are: • Making a knowledge map for Erkowit conferences from 1966 to 2000. • This K map will help researchers to reach the papers of importance for them in an easy way. This work gives an example to be followed by Sudanese researchers in order to expose the previous works concealed behind drawers. Literature Review A knowledge map is “a visual display of captured information and relationships, which enables the efficient communication and learning of knowledge by observers with differing backgrounds at multiple levels of detail. The individual items of knowledge included in 6 6th International Conference on Appropriate Technology Kenyatta University Conference Center November 2014, Nairobi, Kenya such a map can be text, stories, graphics, models, or numbers. Knowledge mapping is defined as the process of associating items of information or knowledge (preferably visually) in such a way that the mapping itself also creates additional Knowledge”. (Eppler, 2008; Vail, 1999)[1].Different researches used knowledge map technique to mapping knowledge. Some researcher used it to tracking research patterns and changes [2, 3, 4, and 5], support e-learning [6] translation process [7] and leading organization [8]. While other focusing on developing and building the knowledge map by classifying it [1] make it searchable [9] and describe the sophisticated process of building it [10] to build the K map they used different techniques e.g. keyword-based network analysis [2] text mining techniques [6],social network analysis technique [8] topic based analysis (core topic sub topic) [4] also the K map of this paper developed on topic based analysis technique ( Fields and Sub fields ) some of them used text mining software to made K map from conference proceeding [5] The procedure of this paper does not depend on software because all previous research in Sudan and the majority of the recent researches are not computerized, however dependence on modern procedures only will not help us extract the valuable findings based on hard copying. The knowledge