READINGS OF ŚĀNTIDEVAA’S GUIDE TO BODHISATTVA PRACTICE EDITEDEDITED BY 0GAP)'(-0CD:A98EAJA5JJ/CCAJJ JONATHANJONATHAN C. GOLD & DOUGLAS S.S. DUCKWORTHDUCKWORTH C01172J)'(-9AEJEA9 JA:AJ99G9AADG.&&:E9CGJD 09D9EE)'(-('))).',.) READINGS OF ŚĀNTIDEVA’S GUIDE TO BODHISATTVA PRACTICE (BODHICARYĀVATĀRA) 0GAP)'(-0CD:A98EAJA5JJ/CCAJJ Columbia Readings of Buddhist Literature C01172J)'(-9AEJEA9 JA:AJ99G9AADG.&&:E9CGJD 09D9EE)'(-('))).',.) COLUMBIA READINGS OF BUDDHIST LITERATURE SERIES EDITOR: STEPHEN F. TEISER Tis series is published with the sponsorship of the Dharma Drum Foundation for Humanities and Social Science Research. Readings of the Lotus Sūtra, Stephen F. Teiser and Jacqueline I. Stone, editors Readings of the Platform Sūtra, Morten Schlütter and Stephen F. Teiser, editors Readings of the Vessantara Jātaka, Steven Collins, editor 0GAP)'(-0CD:A98EAJA5JJ/CCAJJ C01172J)'(-9AEJEA9 JA:AJ99G9AADG.&&:E9CGJD 09D9EE)'(-('))).',.) Readings of Śāntideva’s Guide to Bodhisattva Practice (Bodhicaryāvatāra) Edited by Jonathan C. Gold and Douglas S. Duckworth 0GAP)'(-0CD:A98EAJA5JJ/CCAJJ Columbia University Press New York C01172J)'(-9AEJEA9 JA:AJ99G9AADG.&&:E9CGJD 09D9EE)'(-('))).',.) Columbia University Press Publishers Since 1893 New York Chichester, West Sussex cup .columbia .edu Copyright © 2019 Columbia University Press All rights reserved Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Names: Gold, Jonathan C., 1969– editor. | Duckworth, Douglas S., 1971– editor. Title: Readings of Śāntideva’s Guide to bodhisattva practice / edited by Jonathan C. Gold and Douglas S. Duckworth. Description: New York : Columbia University Press, 2019. | Series: Columbia readings of Buddhist literature | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifers: LCCN 2018055393 (print) | LCCN 2018056563 (ebook) | ISBN 9780231549905 (electronic) | ISBN 9780231192668 (cloth : alk. paper) | ISBN 9780231192675 (pbk.) Subjects: LCSH: Śāntideva, active 7th century. Bodhicaryāvatāra. | Mahayana Buddhism— Doctrines. Classifcation: LCC BQ3147 (ebook) | LCC BQ3147 .R43 2019 (print) | DDC 294.3/85— dc23 LC record available at https: //lccn . l o c . g o v / 2 0 1 8 0 5 5 3 9 3 Columbia University Press books are printed on permanent and durable acid- free paper. Printed in the United States of America 0GAP)'(-0CD:A98EAJA5JJ/CCAJJ Cover image: Bronze and silver image of the bodhisattva Manjushri, Bengal, Pala Dynasty, 11th century / Pictures from History / Bridgeman Images C01172J)'(-9AEJEA9 JA:AJ99G9AADG.&&:E9CGJD 09D9EE)'(-('))).',.) In memory of Luis O. Gómez (1943– 2017) 0GAP)'(-0CD:A98EAJA5JJ/CCAJJ C01172J)'(-9AEJEA9 JA:AJ99G9AADG.&&:E9CGJD 09D9EE)'(-('))).',.) 0GAP)'(-0CD:A98EAJA5JJ/CCAJJ C01172J)'(-9AEJEA9 JA:AJ99G9AADG.&&:E9CGJD 09D9EE)'(-('))).',.) CONTENTS A Note to the Reader ix Acknowledgments xi Introduction. Participatory Authorship and Communal Interpretation: Te Bodhicaryāvatāra as a “World Classic” 1 Jonathan C. Gold 1. Śāntideva: Te Author and His Project 27 Paul Harrison 2. Reason and Knowledge on the Path: A Protreptic Reading of the Guide 45 Amber Carpenter 3. On Learning to Overhear the “Vanishing Poet” 60 Sonam Kachru 4. An Intoxication of Mouse Venom: Reading the Guide, Chapter 9 84 Matthew T. Kapstein 5. Seeing from All Sides 99 Janet Gyatso Copyright © 2019. Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. University Press. All © 2019. Columbia Copyright 6. Bodies and Embodiment in the Bodhicaryāvatāra 114 Reiko Ohnuma <i>Readings of ntideva's Guide to Bodhisattva Practice</i>, edited by Jonathan C. Gold, and Douglas S. Duckworth, Columbia University Press, 2019. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/anu/detail.action?docID=5613971. Created from anu on 2019-10-25 22:07:32. •viii• Contents 7. Ritual Structure and Material Culture in the Guide to Bodhisattva Practice 132 Eric Huntington 8. Bodhicaryāvatāra and Tibetan Mind Training (Lojong) 146 Tupten Jinpa 9. Taming Śāntideva: Tsongkhapa’s Use of the Bodhicaryāvatāra 162 Roger Jackson 10. Te Middle Way of the Bodhisattva 180 Douglas S. Duckworth 11. Seeing Sentient Beings: Śāntideva’s Moral Phenomenology 192 Jay L. Garfeld 12. Śāntideva’s Ethics of Impartial Compassion 209 Charles Goodman 13. Śāntideva and the Moral Psychology of Fear 221 Bronwyn Finnigan 14. Innate Human Connectivity and Śāntideva’s Cultivation of Compassion 235 John D. Dunne Appendix 1: A Guide to Guide Translations: Advice for Students and Instructors 253 Appendix 2: Index of Guide Verses Cited 257 Bibliography 271 Contributors 285 Index 291 Copyright © 2019. Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. University Press. All © 2019. Columbia Copyright <i>Readings of ntideva's Guide to Bodhisattva Practice</i>, edited by Jonathan C. Gold, and Douglas S. Duckworth, Columbia University Press, 2019. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/anu/detail.action?docID=5613971. Created from anu on 2019-10-25 22:07:32. INTRODUCTION Participatory Authorship and Communal Interpretation: The Bodhicaryāvatāra as a “World Classic” Jonathan C. Gold he book you are reading contains ffteen scholars’ assessments of what you might want to know as you read and study a much beloved work of late Indian Buddhism, the Guide to Bodhisattva Practice T(Bodhicaryāvatāra, hereafter Guide) by Śāntideva (eighth century). Tis chapter is an introduction to this introduction. In the frst section, I pro- vide my own frst pass at what I think Śāntideva is up to, by explicating the overarching themes of karmic merit, bodhicitta, and the unusual com- position of a work that intertwines prayer, meditation, and philosophy. Tis is the reading of the Guide that I have to ofer. In the second section, I turn to the reception history of the Guide, focusing especially on the relatively recent phenomena that have brought the Guide to prominence as a “world classic.” I argue that readers should not feel that they are doing anything new or unexpected when they appreciate the work for qualities only indirectly intended by its author(s). I wish to defend, therefore, the diverse employments of the Guide by historical as well as modern read- ers, while remaining respectful of traditional readings. In the fnal section, I summarize the chapters that follow, and wish you well. Bodhicitta and the Guide’s Invitation to Participatory Authorship 3DEPU3QI?>=JRBP9B1DEPBBRBA Te Guide is distinctive within Indian Buddhist literature for its practi- cal, psychologically vivid articulation of the Mahāyāna path. Although it is clearly composed for an audience well versed in Buddhist thought and -/B>AJDCJPABR>6QABP2AE>PPR>9>PB-/ BAPBA?J>PE>J36A >JAQD><QGSPE 3QI?> =JRBP9B 9:QBP5?G3BJP> EPP,B?GBJP>QBPI?>JQABP>>PJ0A7.' 3B>PBACI>JQJ,, •2• Jonathan C. Gold experienced in philosophical and doctrinal analysis, it serves on its own as a complete guide to the practice. In the opening verses, Śāntideva says, with traditional modesty, that his work contains nothing that is new and is only intended “for my own mind’s cultivation” (svamano bhāvayituṃ, 1.2).1 Yet this frst- person perspective, through which Buddhist doctrines and meditative strategies appear in an order and in language suited to cul- tivate the author’s own mind, was something new.2 Tere is an invitation to others “with just my same constitution” (matsamadhātur eva, 1.3), who may beneft as well, but the implied reader is the author himself, and one gets the feeling of reading over the shoulder of a medieval Buddhist prac- titioner at prayer, study, and intensive personal psychological work. Prayer composed in the frst person was widespread and well known among Buddhists during Śāntideva’s time. Also, there were countless scriptures and several comprehensive summaries of the doctrine in cir- culation that recommended various practices, assembled the stages of the bodhisattva path— the cultivations that can transform an ordinary per- son into an enlightened buddha— and surveyed the fnal attainments. Te Guide weaves this literature together into a study of the Mahāyāna Bud- dhist path in the form of an extended aspirational prayer. It also includes within it, all tightly integrated: one of the most infuential digests of “Mid- dle Way” (Madhyamaka) philosophy; a great deal of ingenious theorization on the moral and practical implications of karma; and several innovative approaches to meditation. Te thread that reworks and binds these elsewhere distinct topics and genres is “bodhicitta.” Literally the “mind of awakening,” bodhicitta is the distinctive mindset of a bodhisattva, an aspiring and inevitable future bud- dha. Tis is what distinguishes a practitioner of the so- called “Great Vehicle” (Mahāyāna) from other Buddhists, who pursue liberation but do not presume to seek buddhahood.3 Tis special kind of “mind” or mental attitude is the Guide’s central theme and central object of praise. After all, it is the distinctive, transformative mental state that allows a bodhisattva to advance on the path and eventually become a buddha. Tis special mindset allows the bodhisattva to be of unlimited beneft to himself and others.4 For this reason, bodhicitta is likened to a rare, magical gem or an alchemical elixir that turns base metals into gold (Guide 1.10– 11). What exactly is this mental state, and why is it so benefcial? It starts with compassion— expanded, deepened, and universalized: compassion 3DEPU3QI?>=JRBP9B1DEPBBRBA that sees and knows the sufering of all living beings, everywhere, and wants nothing more than to alleviate it. Upon this ground, bodhicitta grows with the awareness, shared