velopment Centre ough University of Technology Leicestershire England THE EDITED OF THE 13th WEDG CONFERENCE • •• ''• RWRAIJ WATER AND IN AFRICA •':ri'i'l''i'>"i-M'> • < Malawi April 1987 • I I published by WEDC ', University of Technology LOUGHBOROUGH • Leicestershire LE11 3TU ; ' | England : February 1988 , ISBN O 9O6O55 19 9 softback I Printed by the University Printing Unit. I I I I I I I I 13th WEDC Conference Contents Rural development in Africa Malawi: 1987 I CONTENTS LIST OF PARTICIPANTS INTRODUCTION TO CONFERENCE I C Clark OBE Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Works and Supplies OPENING ADDRESS I Hon L J Chimango MP, Minister of Health .KEYNOTE ADDRESS I L A H Msukwa, Director Centre for Social Research SESSION 1 IRRIGATION I Small-scale irrigation in Zambia 13 J A Stoutjesdijk and Josy B Siakantu I Damho resource use in Zimbabwe 16 Patricia Hotchkiss and Morag Bell Micro-scale irrigation in Africa 20 I R A Lambert and others UP.9A.RY, INTERNATIONAL V(ZF[:2'T.U0E Discussion C::rJ";:;L: R)R GO^AAATY WATMR SUPPLY 24 I A, ;;•) ,'.,AN;;Y.T:O:: f'.•••'.:;} SESSION 2 SANITATION F'-'::'' • -' "••; :'•••- •-•••0::; AD Y.i-3 ;;;.:qu« I Choices in pit latrine emptying 28 Chris Williams L0: Single and double pits in Lesotho I S N Makhatha Low volume flush we design 36 I RHM Wakelin, J A Swaffield and R A Bocarro I Discussion 40 SESSION 3 WATER SUPPLY I Natural coagulants in water clarification G K Folkard, j P Sutherland and W D Grant Guidelines for extraordinary earth dams T F Stephens I Discussion 4.9 I SESSION 4 RURAL WATER SUPPLY Low-cost rural water supply in Africa 50 S Arlosoroff, D Grey, O Flangenegger and R Roche Rural water development experience in Malawi 54 W Kennedy Discussion - There was no reported discussion for this session SESSION 5 Economics and rural infrastructure provision 58 Richard Franceys and Peter Barker Low-technology sanitation affecting groundwater quality 62 Amanda Geake Discussion 66 SESSION 6 Appropriate Training for water technicians 67 E G Snape Training of labour intensive supervisors 71 David W Jennings Participatory communications for water and sanitation 75 Susan Laver Water Master Planning in rural areas of developing countries - A case study from Malawi 78 M Burton, M Girling, and W Tuck Discussion 80 DISCUSSION PAPERS Water resources investigations for rural water supply development in Malawi 81 0 N Shela The Liberian national water supply programme: problems and prospects 83 a M Yarsiah and O B Kulah Public health considerations of rural water supplies: use of sanitary surveys 87 p A Colbert An experiment of upgrading a sanitation system 89 R A Bocarro and C K I Williams Lesotho's national rural sanitation programme:- technical aspects 91 L Matjama Rural sanitation pilot project and national rural sanitation programme,, Lesotho 94 Rural sanitation in Mozambique - searching for the correct approach M Muller and P 0 Monteiro Towards total community participation ir rural water supply projects in Zambia 99 Peter Chola ' • * I II I Self-Relp rural gravity piped water projects in Malawi 101 Ministry of Works and Supplies, Malawi I Rural water supply in Mozambique 103 L Elias Urban linkage to rural sanitation development 105 I B Brandberg Remuneration for community works 108 I D R G Morris and R B M Hunink The use of an improved hydrooyalone to protect pumps 111 I P A Mashauri Livulezi integrated groundwater project for rural water supplies 213 I Ministry of works and supplies, Malawi REPORTS FROM DISCUSSION WORKING GROUPS I Hydrology, groundwater location and pollution 114 I Operation and maintenance of water supplies except handpumps 117 Agriculture and irrigation 219 I Health and pollution aspects of sanitation 120 Design and construction of latrines and Implementation of sanitation programmes Community Participation in water supply programmes- I Group A 124 Group B 1S5 I Handpumps - selection, operation and maintenance 227 I Roads and Communications 228 Operation and maintenance of sanitation schemes and stormwater drainage 129 I Integrated rural development including building and housing 230 Human resources development 131 I Water treatment and distribution 132 Financing and management of rural development 233 I Low-cost technology other than latrines and handpumps j34 I I I I I 73th WEDC Conference Participants Rural development in Africa I Malawi: 1987 aroe Designation/Company or Organisation Address J Alferes Water Engineer, UDAAS-DNA PO Box 2847, Maputo, Mozambique K Andreassen Project Manager, DANIDA PO Box 30538, Lilongwe 3, Malawi S Athman Planning Officer, UNICEF PO Box 544, Mtwara, Tanzania Banda Deputy Engineer, Blantyre Water Board PO Box 30369, Chichiri, Blantyre 3, Malawi C P Banda Lilongwe City Council PO Box 30391, Lilongwe 3, Malawi Barker WEDC Associate Lecturer, Dept of Economics, University of Technology I Loughborough University Loughborough, Leics, LEU 3TU H Bhaiji Public Health Engineer, PO Box 30125, Nairobi, Kenya African Medical Research Foundation •R A Bocarro Research Assistant, c/o Ministry of Local Government & Lands Brunei University Private Bag 006, Gaborone, Botswana |B Brandberg Sanitation Adviser, World Bank P0 Box 30135, Lilongwe 3, Malawi B Miles Burton Head of Water Department, Carl Bro. Granskoven 8, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark c International A/S, Conslt Engnrs E G Bwanali Deputy Engineer/Manager, Lilongwe P0 Box 96, Lilongwe, Malawi Water Board rLAC Bweya Deputy Environmental Coordinator PO Bag 350, Lilongwe, Malawi i Ministry of Forestry & Natural Rescs. B B J Chandiyamba Acting Regional Health Inspector, P0 Box 95, Lilongwe, Malawi i Ministry of Health •A Chapaner Senior Engineer, Ministry of Energy, PO Box 566, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe Water Resources and Development N L B Chaya Water Engineer, Ministry of Works PO Bag 390, Lilongwe 3, Malawi and Supplies, Water Dept. I Design Engineer, L S C Brunette PO Box 30705, Lilongwe 3, Malawi J Chimimba & Partners • Carol Chimimba Design Engineer, L S C Brunette PO Box 30013, Lilongwe 3, Malawi & Partners i Senior Health Inspector, PO Box 43, Zomba, Malawi —0 B Chingoma Municipality of Zomba Town Planning Officer, Dept of PO Box 30385, Capital City, Lilongwe 3, R P Chingoli Town and Country Planning Malawi Water Quality Controller, PO Box 96, Lilongwe, Malawi • J A Chipeta Lilongwe Water Board Principal Public Health Officer, PO Box 30377, Lilongwe 3, Malawi |L L Chipungu Ministry of Health IC L Chirwa City Engineer, Lilongwe City Council PO Box 30396, Lilongwe 3, Malawi T S Chirwa Town Clerk, Blantyre City Council P/Bag 67, Blantyre, Malawi IG J Chisi Controller of Roads, Ministry of P/Bag 316, Lilongwe 3, Malawi I Works and Supplies IP J Chola Water Engineer, Dept of Water Affairs PO Box 50288, Lusaka, Zambia I I Name Designation/Company or Organisation Address B Chundu Economist, Ministry of National PO Box 50268, Lusaka, Zambia I Commission for Development Planning P A Colbert Water Projects Manager, Catholic 101 Farren Ct, Cary, NC 27511, USA I Relief Services S C de Souza Water Engineer-in-Chief, Ministry Water Dept, P/B 390, Lilongwe 3, Malawi of Works & Supplies L C Dlamini Clerk of Works, Rural Water Supply PO Box 167, Siteki, Swaziland I Board, Ministry of Natural Resources M D Dlamini Public Health Engineer, Rural Water PO Box 961, Mbabane, Swaziland Supply Board, Min.of Ntrl. Resources I V N Dlangamandla Senior Community Development Officer, P/B A41, Maseru 100, Lesotho (Ms) USIT Project Coordination Unit L Elias Director, PRONAR, (National Rural Av. Eduardo, Mondlane 40 Andar No- 1392 I Water Supply Programme Cabinet) Mozambique ^ Dept of Engineering, Univ of Leicester, I G K Folkard Lecturer, University of Leicester Leicester LEI 7RH Univ. Of Technology, Loughborough, R W A Franceys WEDC, Lecturer/Tutor LEU 3TU, UK I Amanda Geake Managa Agricultural Management Centre Swaziland M T Girling Project Manager, Carl Bro. P0 Box 30139, Lilongwe 3, Malawi I International A/S, Cons It Engnrs Polli Grubelich General Manager, Scandrill Ltd, PO Box 897, Lilongwe, Malawi Drilling & Water Engineers A Guilazian PRONAR Estaleiro, Sanitario de Zambezia, C.P. I 425, Quelimane, Mozambique A Habana District Sanitation Coordinator, Central District Council, Private Bag 00• Min. of Local Govmnt & Lands Serowe, Botswana H H C S Hansen Project Manager, Carl Bro. P0 Box 98, Karonga, Malawi International and Danida Patricia Hotchkiss WEDC Research Assistant Univ. of Technology, Loughborough, I LEU 3TU. UK S J Hugman Training Director, ODA/National S J Hugman, c/o FCO (Maputo) Water Directorate King Charles Street, London SW1A 2AH, UK I H Fraser Provincial Water Engineer, British Government/ODA P0 Box 510094, Chipata, Zambia R B M Hunink Associate Expert for Special I Public Works Programme, IL0 PO Box 2788, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia R C Hutchinson Manager, Pipe Sales Division, Turnal (PVT) Ltd PO Box 1753, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe I L G Hutton WEDC, Lecturer/Tutor Univ. of Technology, Loughborough, LEU 3TU, UK I Margaret Ince WEDC, Lecturer/Tutor Univ. of Technology, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK Anna N Ingwe Wood/Bamboo Department PO Box 570, Iringa, Tanzania I D W Jennings Training Engineer, Scott Wilson, L.I.T.U., PO Box 1283, Maseru 100, Lesothtoo Kirkpatrick & Partners B Jobo Government of Lesotho Maseru, Lesotho I B Jones Ministry of Works & Supplies Lilongwe 3, Malawi S Johnson Field Director, VSO PO Box 608, Lilongwe, Malawi I I IName Designation/Company or Organisation Address |R D Kafundu Senior Hydrogeolegist, Ministry of Water Dept, P/B 390, Lilongwe 3, Malawi I Works and Supplies _J L Kaluwa Partner, Brian Colquhoun &