Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 324 International Conference on Architecture: Heritage, Traditions and Innovations (AHTI 2019) Architectural and Urban-planning Process in the Russian Province in the Last Third of the 19th – Early 20th Century: the General Model and Kazan Specificity* Gulchachak Nugmanova Alina Fatkullina Scientific Research Institute of the Theory and History of Moscow Architectural Institute (State Academy) Architecture and Urban Planning Moscow, Russia Branch of the Central Scientific-Research and Project E-mail: [email protected] Institute of the Construction Ministry of Russia Moscow, Russia E-mail: [email protected] Abstract—The Empire is the field for a single civilization, distributed from its center. In the spatial dimension, the I. INTRODUCTION “imperial” concept brings architecture as its visual image to This article aims at comprehending the architectural and the forefront. Hence, the strict, enforced by the central urban-planning process in Kazan in the period of the last government unification policy in architectural and urban- third of the 19th-early 20th century, and revealing the planning activity, escalating cultural opposition of the local common and peculiar to this local case features. and the global, where the elements of another culture and civilization were present. Kazan was annexed to the Russian state in 1552, as a result of a military victory over a powerful neighbour-the The article focuses on the architectural and urban-planning Kazan Khanate. The official Petersburg referred to Kazan as process in the last third of the 19th-early 20th century in the centre of the conquered Tatar state and Russia's “window Kazan. Annexed to the Russian state in 1552, due to the Kazan to the East” [1]. This perception resulted in empowering the Khanate conquering, the city played a significant role in the city with special imperial functions. Thus, in the 19th Russian Empire history and structure, and became the center century the capital of Kazan province became the centre of of academic, military and judicial districts in the 19th century. academic, military and judicial districts. In the second half of In the second half of the century, with the expansion of the imperial borders, Kazan turned out to be in the center of the the 19th century, conditioned with the expansion of the empire. Its incorporation into the metropolis made the imperial borders to the East and South, Kazan appeared to be problem of cultural unification in the region more acute; and in the centre of the empire. Its incorporation into the as the regional population was predominantly foreign, it metropolis made the problem of cultural unification in the remained the “inner outskirts” of the empire. The anti-Islamic region more acute, and as the region population was turn in the imperial policy, which threatened the confessional predominantly foreign, it remained the “inner outskirts” of identity of Tatars, led to the consolidation of the Tatar the empire. The anti-Islamic turn in the imperial policy, population and the reformation of their traditional way of life. which potentially threatened the confessional identity of In the conditions of coexistence of imperial and Tatar-Muslim Tatars, led to the consolidation of the Tatar population and cultural components, the architectural and urban-planning the reformation of their traditional way of life. In the process in Kazan proceeded. The article reveals the common, conditions of coexistence of imperial and Tatar-Muslim characteristic to Russian space, in general, and the specific, cultural components, the architectural and urban-planning peculiar to this local case, in particular. process in Kazan proceeded. The way the process manifested itself will be consistently shown in the paper. Keywords—architectural and urban-planning process; Russian province; Kazan; the imperial city; the Kazan Tatars II. THE IMPERIAL CITY * This paper was funded by the Science and Technology Development The architectural and urban-planning appearance of all State Program of the Russian Federation for years 2013-2020, Program of Russian cities in the last third of the 19th - early 20th century Fundamental Research of State Academies of Science for years 2013 – was determined by their economic welfare, the main source 2020, within Program of Fundamental Researches of Ministry of of which was trade. The development of railways and Construction, Housing and Utilities of the Russian Federation and Russian Academy of Architecture and Construction Sciences, the Research Project shipping critically changed the existing direction of trade 1.2.19. routes and many Russian cities’ economy [2]. For Kazan, Copyright © 2019, the Authors. Published by Atlantis Press. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/). 511 Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 324 joining the central Russia with Siberia and the East, the Kazan developed according to the 1884 plan, based on laying of the Siberian road through Samara came unexpected. the city plan of 1842 and its local changes of 1845, 1848 and This transport problem was aggravated by the remoteness of 1868. Like all the cities, the capital of the Kazan province the city from the Volga River, so the city authorities tried to experienced the intense urbanization of the city environment. solve it by connecting the city and the river with a canal. The prevalence of apartment blocks over traditional Kazan was connected to the Russian railway network in mansions was accompanied by the density of urban areas 1893 with a private Moscow-Ryazan railway. Its appearance with tenement buildings, shops, banks, offices of trading stimulated the development of one of the most socially houses and joint-stock companies. The disappearance of the deprived parts of the city, whose architectural and urban- mansion gardens was compensated by the spread of public planning centre was the square with the grand railway station squares, gardens and parks, both municipal and private. The building. The design of its facade with a dome and tall turrets, construction boom also led to the appearance of hospital, which provoked direct associations with mosque minarets, charity, educational and public entertainment buildings, for was to visualize the Tatar-Muslim origin of Kazan [3]. instance, a theatre and a museum were created at the expense of the city. As elsewhere, the growth of the urban territory was due to suburban areas, where large industrial clusters emerged. The emergence of commercial districts was typical of all Alongside with the giant enterprises of the Krestovnikovs rapidly developing cities. However, Kazan, where such and I.I. Alafuzov, there appeared large manufactures owned business activity centres concentrated near Prolomnaya by the Tatars: M.I. Utyamyshev and Co., Azimov brothers, Street and Sennaya Square in the Old Tatar sloboda, had I.A. Arslanov, etc. The industry developed in the lower part become, apparently, the only city in the country where these of the city, while the outskirts of the upper part accumulated impotrant public spaces developed on ethnic grounds, large and modern educational complexes typically in brick corresponding to the city’s two-part structure that had a clear and classical styles. They included new, university-owned spatial dimension and predominantly Russian-Tatar hospitals, a bacteriological institute, a students’ dormitory, population. These centres were an alternative to the city and the Commercial, Technical and Women's Diocesan centre. School. Meanwhile, it was exactly the main centre that Peculiar to Kazan was the state establishment of special represented the imperial image of a Russian city. In Kazan, educational institutions, which was caused by the new the ensembles of Bogoroditsky (the Mother of God) confessional and russification policies in teacher training for Monastery and Voskresenskaya Street with the buildings of local and ministerial schools in foreign, non-native the City Duma, Gostiny Dvor and Kazan University settlements. Kazan teacher (inorodcheskaya) seminary and contributed to the city’s classical image formed in the first Tatar teacher school corresponded to the state’s two different half of the 19th century. The images of classical Rome were approaches in terms of “connecting non-ethnic communities created in the key places of the city. The semantic role of with the native Russian people”. The seminary aimed at Bogoroditsky Monastery was associated with the acquisition cultural assimilation through Christian education. The of the icon of the Mother-of-God of Kazan, which became monumental four-storey building, being constructed in 1872 the protectrix of the Romanov dynasty. Conceived in 1809, in the Old Tatar sloboda settlement (Staraya sloboda), the ensemble with the oval square surrounded by a symbolized a certain consistency of these educational colonnade was a direct reference to the most famous institutions. It was located in the site of Novokreshchensk monument of the Christian world — St. Peter’s Square in office, which was famous for the persecution of non-native Rome, was implemented only to some extent [4]. population and was further liquidated by Catherine the Great. Voskresenskaya Street started at Ivanovsky Monastery in the There, in the sloboda settlement, in the former Apakovs’ square, which the buildings of the City Duma and Gostiny mansion of mid-19th century, the Tatar teacher