TABLE OF CONTENTS DISCOVERING NATIONAL ELITES A Manual of Methods for Discovering the Leadership of a Society and Its Vulnerabilities to Propaganda by ALFRED DE GRAZIA with the collaboration of PAUL DEUTSCHMANN AND FLOYD HUNTER THE INSTITUTE FOR JOURNALISTIC STUDIES STANFORD UNIVERSITY SEPTEMBER 30, 1954 First Public Edition, <www.Grazian-archive,com> 2000 Copyright © 2000 by Alfred de Grazia Preface to the first publicly available edition of the Manual of Elite Target Analysis. In 1953-4, Alfred de Grazia, who was then Executive Officer of the Committee for Research in Social Science and Associate Professor of Political Science at Stanford University, submitted a proposal to the Department of State to write a manual that would help train federal employees assigned to culturally diverse countries around the world. It was a period of great and expanding scope of U.S. operations abroad. Upon its acceptance, he invited two colleagues from the fields of sociology and communication studies to collaborate. By the year 2000, both colleagues, distinguished leaders in their fields, were long deceased; yet the manual of Elite Target Analysis had not been published, beyond the copies used internally by government officials. There was never any secrecy about the activity or the manual. And it is hardly superseded in theory and practice, although it was prepared in the age of the hand-punched card or machine-sorted Hollarith card, and it was a generation preceding the sophisticated generally available computer network. Despite the new technology that would be applied, strictly comparable pragmatic works seem not yet to be available. www.grazian-archive.com <http://www.grazian-archive.com> 7 September 2000 ELITE TARGET INTELLIGENCE An outline of the Manual PART A: ELEMENTS OF TARGET ANALYSIS I. PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF THE MANUAL II. THEORY AND ELITE AND ELITE NETWORKS Methods of Ordering Political Universes 1. The structure of society 2. The structure of involvement 3. Distribution of political leadership III. GENERAL ORIENTATION OF OPERATOR TO THE TARGET BACKGROUND Background Analysis 1. Achieving an organic sense of the area 2. Touring the locale 3. The regional setting 4. Means of limiting perspectives 5. Avoiding simplism 6. Correlation of functions and elites 7. Functions as clues to presence of leadership 8. Documentary source of background information 9. Use of informants 10. On-the-spot studies 11. Systematic review of observations IV. AREA AND FUNCTIONAL BOUNDARIES OF TARGETS Techniques of Delimiting the Elite 1. Individual records 2. Individual interviews 3. Judging the intensity of identification 4. Identification with elite mass 5. National and international identifications 6. Group occupation analysis 7. Class and socialite analysis 8. Geographical identification 9. Content analysis of roles 10. Group cross-pressures analysis V. ISSUE ORIENTATION AND RELEVANCE OF TARGETS Methods of Issue Analysis 1. Issues with high visibility 2. Issues with low visibility 3. Pattern of issue emergence 4. Relationship of elite to issues 5. Relationship of operator’s policy to issues 6. Short-range relevancy versus long-range VI. DIFFERENTIAL POWER OF TARGETS Differential Power Analysis 1. Discovering power circles 2. Intra-circle co-ordered behaviors 3. Power within a single organization 4. Top, middle and lower elite 5. Collective form of decision-making 6. Differential power of circles 7. High power of major functional groups 8. Organization charts as clues to power hierarchy PART B: IDENTIFICATION OF ELITES VII. IDENTIFICATION OF FORMAL ELITE INSTITUTIONS Analysis of Elite Institutions 1. State organs 2. Para-constitutional agencies 3. Semi-private institutions 4. Formal and informal organizations distinguished 5. Utility of institutional identification 6. Constitutional analysis 7. Legislation analysis 8. The sources of legislation 9. Administrative rule-making 10. Law and rule-making by private bodies 11. Court power 12. Analysis of agency operations 13. Publicity analysis 14. Trend analysis of constitutional organs 15. How to locate para-constitutional groups 16. Political parties 17. Religious groups 18. Education and youth organization 19. The identification of semi-private elite institutions 20. The political influence of business organizations 21. Trade unions 22. The press 23. Identification of the elite institutions in informal pre-literate or unhistorical societies 24. Institutions crucial to coups d’etat VIII. IDENTIFICATION OF INFORMAL ELITE ASSOCIATIONS Informal Association Analysis 1. Traits of informal associations 2. Dysfunctional groups 3. Boundaries of informal groups 4. Using ‘Hidden’informal groups as channels 5. Discovery of informal groups 6. Access to top elite information via informal groups IX. INTERLOCKING OF FORMAL AND INFORMAL GROUPS Analysis of Informal–Formal Relationships 1. Formal–informal transformations 2. Informal groups representing combinations of formal groups 3. Informal channels to lower formal echelons 4. Combinations of institutions and communication links 5. Discovering overlapping conditions by observation 6. Direct interrogation for informal structure X. IDENTIFICATION OF FORMAL OFFICEHOLDERS Techniques for Identifying Formal Officeholders 1. Reference works 2. The use of indexes to periodicals 3. Biographical files 4. Organization rosters and publications 5. Building files 6. Job-turnover of officeholders 7. Indices of importance of office XI. IDENTIFICAION OF INFORMAL LEADERS Methods of Informal Leadership Analysis 1. Local and national informal leadership compared 2. Identification by sociometric “choices” 3. Developing a fist entrance into a sample 4. Participant observation 5. Informal committees 6. Informal decision–making networks 7. Invisibleness usually short range 8. Informants on unofficial networks 9. Charismatic leaders without official status 10. The elder statesman 11. The “handy-man” type 12. The “fixer” type 13. Identification during study of target area 14. Identification through study of power issues and decisions XII. SINGLE AND PLURAL ELITE STRUCTURES Analysis of Elite Pluralism 1. Indices of interdependent elitists 2. Utility of single-plural distinction 3. Relations to other techniques 4. Overlapping of names and references in sociometric interviews 5. Overlapping of formal officers and formal organizations 6. The overlapping of power, prestige, and income group standing of elite 7. Ratio of hostile to friendly intra-general elite symbols 8. Special issue coalitions 9. Community among the elite and between elite and population 10. Measures of cohesion 11. Mutual protection among elite XIII. PLOTTING ELITE NETWORKS Modes of Discovering Elite Networks 1. Development of lists of influentials, issues, projects, and policy procedures 2. Interview precautions 3. Records of data 4. Relating issues to names 5. Problems of abundant data 6. Use of a panel of judges 7. Sampling for network interviewing 8. Length of Interview 9. Entree to respondent 10. Contents of interview 11. Recording and analysis of interviews 12. Strangeness of area often helpful 13. Modifications of methodology XIV. INDICATORS OR TESTS OF FORMAL AND INFORMAL LEADERSHIP On-Target Tests 1. Testing knowledge of others in group 2. Discovering with whom subject works 3. Indicators of subject’s power position 4. Kinds of policy-interest 5. Independence of judgements 6. Clique membership 7. Amount and kind of participation 8. Age 9. Sex 10. Record of successes 11. Achieved and ascribed status 12. Location of residence 13. Length of residence 14. Local ownership 15. Numbers commanded 16. Recreation habits 17. Popularity 18. Tests by prediction 19. Predicting media output to validate intelligence XV. PLOTTING POWERSHIFTS AND ELITE MOBILITY Analysis of Power Shifts 1. Basic data for detecting power shifts 2. General indicators of power shifts 3. Major types of shifts: from single to plural elite, or vice versa 4. Major types (cont.) : from one skill base to another 5. Major types (cont.) : from one personality type to another 6. Major types (cont.) : from one set of issues to another 7. Major types (cont.) : from one social-economic base to another 8. Mass-elite connections 9. Mobility indicators : family relations and inter-marriage 10. Mobility indicators : business politics (cont.) 11. Mobility analysis : growth of new functions (cont.) 12. Mobility analysis : shifts in the sources of economic chances (cont.) 13. Mobility analysis : development of new types of social organization (cont.) 14. Mobility analysis : new skills 15. Mobility analysis : social stratification of elite (cont.) 16. Mobility analysis : education of the elite PART C: SPECIAL ANALYSIS OF FUNCTION ELEMENTS XVI. POLITICAL ELEMENTS Technical Analysis of Political Elements 1. General character of political elements 2. Socio-economic status of politicians 3. Character analysis 4. Identifications of politicians 5. Opportunism–consistency measure 6. Autonomy analysis 7. Measures of cohesion XVII. BUREAUCRATIC ELEMENTS Bureaucratic Elite Analysis 1. Centralization–decentralization 2. Integration, high and low 3. Administrative autonomy 4. Informal connections with politicians 5. Connections with the socio-economic elite 6. Clannishness 7. Connections with private groups 8. Recruitment methods 9. Prestige measures 10. Morale measures 11. Capacity to act 12. Compulsiveness 13. Propaganda mechinery 14. Personal documents 15. Group observation 16. Organization charts and manuals XVIII. MILITARY ELEMENTS Analysis of Military Elements 1. Importance of the military