THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET (revised to 2020) CONSONANTS (PULMONIC) 2020 IPA Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal Plosive p b td æÿcïkgqG / Nasal m µ n = − NÐ Trill õ r R Tap or Flap ⱱ | Ç Fricative FBfvTDszSZ§½ J x V X å © ? h H Lateral fricative ñ L Approximant à ¨ Õ j ÷ Lateral approximant l ð ´ K Symbols to the right in a cell are voiced, to the left are voiceless. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible. CONSONANTS (NON-PULMONIC) VOWELS Clicks Voiced implosives Ejectives Front Central Back Close i y é è ¬ u > Bilabial º Bilabial Examples: ' I YU ù Dental ë Dental/alveolar p' Bilabial Close-mid e P ɘ ¸ ¯ o < (Post)alveolar ú Palatal t' Dental/alveolar « ø Palatoalveolar Ä Velar k' Velar Open-mid E { ä ɞ ¿ O ² Alveolar lateral ì Uvular s' Alveolar fricative Ï Œ OTHER SYMBOLS Open a Ó A … Voiceless labial-velar fricative ‚ ó Alveolo-palatal fricatives Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel. w Voiced labial-velar approximant È Voiced alveolar lateral flap ç Voiced labial-palatal approximant ê Simultaneous ʃ and x SUPRASEGMENTALS í Voiceless epiglottal fricative Primary stress Affricates and double articulations " ®foUn«"tIS«n À Voiced epiglottal fricative can be represented by two symbols ts¥ kp¡ ® Secondary stress joined by a tie bar if necessary. Ö Epiglottal plosive É Long eÉ ò Half-long eò DIACRITICS * Extra-short e* 9Voiceless n9 d9 » Breathy voiced a»b» 1 Dental t1 d1 ù Minor (foot) group 3 Voiced s3 t3 0 Creaky voiced b0 a0 Á Apical Á Á t d Major (intonation) group î Aspirated tî dî £ Linguolabial t£ d£ 4 Laminal t4 d4 . Syllable break ¨i.Ïkt 7More rounded O7 W Labialized tW dW )Nasalized e) Å Linking (absence of a break) ¦ Less rounded O¦ Palatalized t d ö Nasal release dö Æ Æ Æ TONES AND WORD ACCENTS ª Advanced uª × Velarized t× d× Â Lateral release d LEVEL CONTOUR Extra 2Retracted e2 ³ Pharyngealized t³ d³ } No audible release d} e_ or ‰ high e# or Š Rising High Falling á Centralized eá ̴ Velarized or pharyngealized : e! e$ ‘ High e@ � Mid e Ÿ rising + Mid-centralized + Raised ( = voiced alveolar fricative) % e 6 e6 ¨6 Low e~ ™ Low eÞ • rising ` Syllabic n` ¤ Lowered e¤ ( B ¤ = voiced bilabial approximant) Extra Rising- eÑ ž low e& falling 8 Non-syllabic e8 5 Advanced Tongue Root e5 Í Downstep ‹ Global rise ± Rhoticity ã a± ° Retracted Tongue Root e ° › Upstep Ì Global fall Some diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender, e.g. ŋ̊ Typefaces: Doulos SIL (metatext); Doulos SIL, IPA Kiel, IPA LS Uni (symbols).