The Role of the Aerodynamic Modifications MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE of the Shapes of Tall Buildings OF TECH'OLOGY JUN 2 4 2011 by Jooeun Lee LIBRA RIE S B.Eng. School of Architecture and Architectural Engineering Inha University, South Korea ARCHVES 1999 Submitted to the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Civil and Environmental Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology June 2011 © 2011 Massachusetts Institute of Technology All rights reserved Signature of Author: Department ol' Civil and nvironmental Engineering April 15, 2011 Certified by: Jerome J. Connor Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering Z Thesis Supervisor Accepted by: M. Nepf Chair, Departmental Committee for Students The Role of the Aerodynamic Modifications of the Shapes of Tall Buildings by Jooeun Lee Submitted to the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering on April 15, 2011 in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Civil and Environmental Engineering Abstract With the advances in technology, recent tall building design has undergone a shift to the free-style geometric forms in the exuberant and liberal atmosphere. As a height of the building increases, it is more susceptible to vibration caused by wind because of its asymmetric distribution of mass and stiffness, increased flexibility and insufficient inherent damping. This wind-induced motion, in particular crosswind response, endangers the dynamic response of tall structures, the performance of cladding and window, and the habitability of occupants. Therefore, much research on mitigating wind induced excitations of tall buildings has been carried out. This thesis focuses on the effect of shape modification on the wind flow pattern around tall buildings. An appropriate choice of this architectural modification can significantly reduce aeroelastic instabilities. Four aerodynamic modifications to reduce wind-induced responses of a tall building, such as a basic square model, a corner recession model, a 3- step setback model, and a 180 degree helical model, are evaluated through commercial CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) software, STAR-CD and compared with results from wind tunnel tests. Based on this comparison, the optimal model to effectively mitigate adverse wind excitations is recommended. Thesis Advisor: Jerome J. Connor Title: Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering Acknowledgements I am very grateful to Professor Jerome J. Connor for his guidance and encouragement throughout the entire academic years. I also like to express my gratitude to Professor Oral Buyukozturk because I could continue my graduate study thanks to his permission. I sincerely thank Professor Daniele Veneziano for helping me understand the probability theory. I also thank former professor Wooh Shi Chang through whom I learned wonderful engineering principles. I would like to thank Professor Eduardo Kausel, Professor Andrew J. Whittle, Professor Les Norford, Professor John Ochsendorf, Professor John Fernandez at MIT and Prof. Joost J. Vlassak at Harvard Univ. for their valuable advice and teachings. I would like to extend my appreciation to Prof. Ahsan Kareem and Prof. Tracy Kijewski-Correa at Univ. of Notre Dame, Prof. Yukio Tamura at Tokyo Polytechnic Univ., Prof. J.A. Amin at SVPIT, Prof. Hiromasa Kawai at Tokyo Denki Univ., Dr. Mark Thornton at Lugwig von Mises Institute, Prof. Mir M. Ali at UIUC, Prof. Aysin SEV at MSFU, Prof. A.K. Ahuja at IIT Roorkee, Prof. Huseyin Emre Ilgin at METU, Prof. Kenny Kwok at Univ. of Western Sydney, and Prof. Moon Kyoung-Sun at Yale Univ. for their valuable works which have formed a basis of my thesis. I want to express my gratitude to Professor Kim Young Moon, Professor You Ki Pyo, Dr. You Jang Yeol at Chonbuk National Univ. In particular, Professor Kim gives valued knowledge of wind engineering. I deeply thank Dr. Kim Yosuk, Prof. Tzu Yang Yu at UMass Lowell, Dr. Lee Kyung Soo, Dr. Jang Hong Chul, Dr. Shim Jong Min, Dr. Cho Yeun Woo, Lee Jaehoon, and Dr. Jun Jaebum. I also thank Dr. Kim Young Chul at Tokyo Polytechnic Univ., Dr. Kwon DaeKun at U of Notre Dame, and Dr. Lee Sang Hyuk at Sogang Univ. I thank MIT colleagues, Simon Laflamme, Pierre Fuller, Pierre Ghisbain, Rory Clune, Chakrapan Tuakta, and Denvid Lau, for sharing their research ideas. Finally, my parents and in law help finish my program. Had it not been for them, I would have been not here. I am by far the luckiest man because I married a woman, Bae Kwanghee whose love guides me to the right way of life, and all my relatives should be given my gratitude. Special thanks go to Rev. Lee Jeong Il at JoongBu Methodist Church. I thank all above mentioned and not. I am so sorry for not mentioning your name. oOA 1 MiXI, *M of -2ofV 2 4* O*lq -42 4AA4 *N %#!21 b44§XVJ O 0114 2 2-2 oss- 4qV AaI qol 41 . Table of Contents 1. Overview 1.1 Introduction 12 1.2 Outline 16 1.3 References 18 2. History of Tall Buildings 2.1 Introduction 19 2.2 The First Golden Age in Tall Buildings (1880-1940) 22 2.3 The Second Golden Age in Tall Buildings (1940-1980) 27 2.4 The Third Golden Age in Tall Buildings (1980-current) 32 2.5 References 38 3. Wind-Related Issues with Construction of Tall Buildings 3.1 Introduction 39 3.2 Habitability 40 3.3 Pedestrian Level Winds 43 3.4 Wind-Induced Noise 46 3.5 Interference Effect 46 3.6 References 50 4. Monitoring 4.1 Introduction 54 4.2 Monitoring of the performance of actual buildings 54 4.2 References 58 5. Effect of Shape Modifications of Tall Buildings on Wind Induced Vibrations 5.1 Introduction 59 5.2 Minor Modifications 59 5.2.1 Effect of small fins and Vented fins and Slotted corners 61 5.2.2 Effect of Slotted corners, Chamfered corners and 62 Horizontal slots 5.2.3 Effect of Slotted corners, Chamfered corners and 63 Combinations of these modified corners 5.2.4 Effect of Chamfered corners and Corner roundness 64 5.2.5 Effect of Corner-cut, Corner recession and Through openings 65 5.2.6 Effect of Corner-cut, Corner recession and Corner roundness 66 5.2.7 Effect of Incremental corner chamfers 68 5.3 Major Modification 70 5.3.1 Effect of Helical models and Setback model 70 5.3.2 Effect of Tapering 73 5.3.3 Effect of Through-Building Openings 74 5.4 Examples of utilizing modifications 75 5.5 References 79 6. Numerical Analysis on Aerodynamic Modifications 6.1 Test models 6.2 Numerical Method 6.3 Solution strategy 6.4 Results 6.4.1 Flow characteristics around the square model 6.4.2 Flow characteristics with various building models 6.4.3 Characteristics of wind force and moment with various building models 6.5 References 104 7. Conclusions 105 Appendices Appendix A: Model Mesh 110 Appendix B: Brief Procedure in Numerical Analysis 112 Appendix C: Flow Characteristics around Various Models 113 Appendix D: Post-processing for CFD simulation (STAR-CD V.4.14) 121 Appendix E: Data of Pressure Characteristics of the Square Model and the 180 degree Helical Model 129 Table of Figures 2.1: World's 200 Tallest Buildings by Continent (from data of Emporis 2011) 19 2.2: Skyscrapers and Economic Crisis (Thornton 2005) 20 2.3: Home Life Insurance Building (Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons) 25 2.4: Guaranty Building (Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons) 25 2.5: Park Row Building (Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons) 26 2.6: Singer Building (Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons) 26 2.7: Metropolitan Life Insurance (Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons) 26 2.8: Woolworth Building (Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons) 26 2.9: Wrigley Building (Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons) 26 2.10: Palmolive Building (Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons) 26 2.11: 40 Wall Street Building (Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons) 27 2.12: Empire State Building (Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons) 27 2.13: 32 Avenue of the America (Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons) 27 2.14: GE Building (Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons) 27 2.15: 860-880 Lake Shore Drive (Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons) 30 2.16: Lever House (Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons) 30 2.17: Marina City (Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons) 30 2.18: Lake Point Tower (Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons) 30 2.19: John Hancock Center (Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons) 31 2.20: 330 North Wabash (Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons) 31 2.21: Aon Center (Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons) 31 2.22: Citigroup Center (Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons) 31 2.23: 333 South Wacker Drive (Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons) 31 2.24: Onterie Center (Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons) 31 2.25: World's 200 Tallest Buildings by Region (from data of Emporis 2011) 33 2.26: Tower 42 (Courtesyof Wikimedia Commons) 35 2.27: HSBC Main Building (Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons) 35 2.28: Maybank Tower (Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons) 35 2.29: 900 North Michigan (Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons) 35 2.30: Two Prudential Plaza (Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons) 36 2.31: Yokohama Landmark Tower (Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons) 36 2.32: Petronas Towers (Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons) 36 2.33: Jin Mao Tower (Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons) 36 2.34: Al Faisaliah Center (Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons) 36 2.35: 30 St Mary Axe (Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons) 36 2.36: Hearst Tower (Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons) 37 2.37: Turning Torso (Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons) 37 2.38: Shanghai World Trade Center (Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons) 37 2.39: Pearl River Tower (Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons) 37 3.1: Buildings equal to and higher than 250m by usage 39 (from data of Emporis 2010) 3.2: Flow around a building (a) and a pair (b), wind flowing from the left side 47 (Khanduri1997) 5.1: Various aerodynamic modifications to corner geometry (Amin J.A.