D15.2: Report on the ARIADNE Linked Data Cloud Authors: Franca Debole, CNR-ISTI Carlo Meghini, CNR-ISTI Guntram Geser , SRFG Douglas Tudhope, USW Ariadne is funded by the European Commission’s 7th Framework Programme. ARIADNE – D15.2: Report on the ARIADNE Linked Data Cloud, Prepared by CNR-ISTI, SRFG and USW (Public) Version: 1.0 (final) 27th January 2017 Authors: Franca Debole and Carlo Meghini, CNR-ISTI Guntram Geser , SRFG Douglas Tudhope, USW Contributing Partners Ceri Binding, USW Sara Di Giorgio, MIBAC-ICCU Achille Felicetti , PIN Dimitris Gavrilis , ATHENA RC Philipp Gerth, DAI Maria Theodoridou, FORTH Quality review: Holly Wright, ADS Paola Ronzino, PIN The views and opinions expressed in this report are the sole responsibility of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Commission. ARIADNE – D15.2: Report on the ARIADNE Linked Data Cloud Prepared by CNR-ISTI, SRFG and USW Table of content Executive Summary ......................................................................................................................... 7 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 8 2 Vision, study summaries, and recommendations ...................................................................... 11 2.1 Archaeological Linked Open Data – a vision ............................................................................. 11 2.2 StuDy summaries anD recommenDations ................................................................................. 12 2.2.1 Linked Open Data: BackgrounD and principles ............................................................................ 12 2.2.2 The LinkeD Open Data ClouD ........................................................................................................ 13 2.2.3 Adoption of the Linked Data approach in archaeology ............................................................... 14 2.2.4 Requirements for wider uptake of the Linked Data approach .................................................... 15 2.2.5 Linked Data Development in ARIADNE ........................................................................................ 21 2.2.6 ARIADNE LOD Cloud ..................................................................................................................... 22 3 Linked Open Data: Background and principles .......................................................................... 24 3.1 LOD – A brief introduction ........................................................................................................ 24 3.2 Historical anD current backgrounD ........................................................................................... 25 3.3 LinkeD Data principles anD stanDarDs ....................................................................................... 26 3.3.1 Linked Data basics ........................................................................................................................ 26 3.3.2 Linked Open Data ......................................................................................................................... 27 3.3.3 MetaData anD vocabulary as LinkeD Data .................................................................................... 28 3.3.4 GooD practices for LinkeD Data vocabularies ............................................................................... 29 3.3.5 MetaData for sets of Linked Data ................................................................................................. 30 3.4 What aDopters shoulD consiDer first ........................................................................................ 31 3.5 Mastering the LinkeD Data lifecycle ......................................................................................... 32 3.6 Brief summary and recommendations ..................................................................................... 33 4 The Linked Open Data Cloud ..................................................................................................... 35 4.1 LOD ClouD figures ..................................................................................................................... 35 4.2 (Mis-)reaDing the LOD Diagram ................................................................................................ 36 4.3 Cultural heritage in the LOD Cloud ........................................................................................... 38 4.4 Brief summary and recommendations ..................................................................................... 41 5 Adoption of the Linked Data approach in archaeology .............................................................. 43 5.1 Adoption by cultural heritage institutions ................................................................................ 43 5.2 Low uptake for archaeological research Data .......................................................................... 44 5.3 The Ancient WorlD research community as a front-runner ..................................................... 45 5.4 Brief summary and recommendations ..................................................................................... 49 6 Requirements for wider uptake of the Linked Data approach ................................................... 51 6.1 Raise awareness of Linked Data ............................................................................................... 51 6.1.1 Fragmentation of archaeological Data ......................................................................................... 51 ARIADNE 3 January 2017 ARIADNE – D15.2: Report on the ARIADNE Linked Data Cloud Prepared by CNR-ISTI, SRFG and USW 6.1.2 Current awareness of Linked Data ............................................................................................... 52 6.1.3 Brief summary and recommendations ........................................................................................ 54 6.2 Clarify the benefits and costs of Linked Data ........................................................................... 55 6.2.1 The notion of an unfavourable cost/benefit ratio ....................................................................... 55 6.2.2 Lack of cost/benefit evaluation .................................................................................................... 56 6.2.3 Collecting examples of benefits and costs ................................................................................... 58 6.2.4 Brief summary and recommendations ........................................................................................ 62 6.3 Enable non-IT experts use LinkeD Data tools ........................................................................... 63 6.3.1 Linked Data tools: there are many anD most are not useable ..................................................... 63 6.3.2 NeeD of expert support ................................................................................................................ 64 6.3.3 The case of CIDOC CRM: from Difficult to Doable ........................................................................ 64 6.3.4 Progress through Data mapping tools anD templates .................................................................. 65 6.3.5 NeeD to integrate shareD vocabularies into Data recorDing tools ............................................... 66 6.3.6 Brief summary and recommendations ........................................................................................ 68 6.4 Promote Knowledge Organization Systems as Linked Open Data ........................................... 69 6.4.1 Knowledge Organization Systems (KOSs) .................................................................................... 69 6.4.2 Cultural heritage vocabularies in use ........................................................................................... 70 6.4.3 Development of KOSs as LinkeD Open Data ................................................................................ 71 6.4.4 KOSs registries ............................................................................................................................. 74 6.4.5 Brief summary and recommendations ........................................................................................ 76 6.5 Foster reliable Linked Data for interlinking .............................................................................. 77 6.5.1 Current lack of interlinking .......................................................................................................... 77 6.5.2 Why is there a lack of interlinking? .............................................................................................. 78 6.5.3 NeeD of reliable LinkeD Data resources ....................................................................................... 78 6.5.4 Foster a community of archaeological LOD curators ................................................................... 80 6.5.5 Brief summary and recommendations ........................................................................................ 80 6.6 Promote Linked Open Data for research .................................................................................. 81 6.6.1 A Linked Open Data vision (2010) ................................................................................................ 82 6.6.2 LOD for research: The current state of play ................................................................................