TRAINING MODULE SERIES NO.1 Training Module for Integrated Multitrophic Aquaculture in PR China 黄海大海洋生态系二期项目中国海水多营养层次综合养殖培训教材 Edited by Mr. Jianguang FANG Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, PR China Implementing the Strategic Action Programme for the Yellow Sea Large Marine Ecosystem: Restoring Ecosystem Goods and Services and Consolidation of a Long-term Regional Environmental Governance Framework (UNDP/GEF YSLME Phase II Project) Training Module for Integrated Multitrophic Aquaculture in PR China 黄海大海洋生态系二期项目中国海水多营养层次综合养殖培训教材 Edited by Mr. Jianguang FANG Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, PR China Implementing the Strategic Action Programme for the Yellow Sea Large Marine Ecosystem: Restoring Ecosystem Goods and Services and Consolidation of a Long-term Regional Environmental Governance Framework (UNDP/GEF YSLME Phase II Project) Training Module for Integrated Multitrophic Aquaculture in PR China October 2018 Contributors: CHAI Xueliang, Professor, Zhejiang Mariculture Research Institute FANG Jianguang, Professor, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, CAFS FANG Jinghui, Associate Professor, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, CAFS GE Changzi, Professor, Shandong University, Weihai GUO Yinfeng, UNDP/GEF YSLME Phase II Project Office, Project Manager Hansen, Pia Marianne Kupka, Professor, Institute of Marine Research JIANG Zengjie, Professor, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, CAFS LIANG Jun, Senior Engineer, Zhangzidao Group LIN Fan, Research Assistant, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, CAFS LIN Zhihua, Professor, Zhejiang Wanli University LIU Hongmei, Associate Professor, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, CAS MAO Yuze, Professor, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, CAFS SUN Longqi, Research Assistant, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, CAFS XIE Qilang, Professor, Zhejiang Mariculture Research Institute ZHANG Yuan, Senior Engineer, Zhangzidao Group ZHANG Jihong, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, CAFS, Professor ZHU Zhengguang, UNDP/GEF YSLME Phase II Project Office, Project Officer This publication was made possible through the support provided by the UNDP/GEF Yellow Sea Large Marine Ecosystem (YSLME) Phase II Project. Suggested citation: Jianguang Fang. 2018. Training Module for Integrated Multitrophic Aquaculture in PR China. UNDP/GEF Yellow Sea Large Marine Ecosystem (YSLME) Phase II Project, Incheon, RO Korea. ---------------------------------------------------------- YSLME Phase II Project Incheon Secretariat 5th floor, G-Tower 175 Art center-daero, Yeonsu-gu Incheon 22004 RO Korea Dalian Office National Marine Environment Monitoring Center of State Oceanic Administration P.O. Box 303, Linghe Street 42 Dalian 116023 Liaoning, PR China Preface FAO estimates that 79 percent of fisheries are either fully exploited, overexploited or depleted, with only a small number having the chance to recover from depletion. Global marine capture fishery production has declined by 1.6 per cent from 2006 to 2011. During the same period, marine aquaculture production increased by 20.6 per cent. Overfishing and depletion of wild fishery stocks and increasing global demand for seafood from aquaculture determines that the role of mariculture in seafood supply will be critical in the years to come. Environmental challenges of mariculture necessitate improvements and innovation in mariculture management and technologies. UNDP/GEF YSLME Phase II Project aims to foster long-term sustainable institutional, policy and financial arrangements for effective ecosystem-based management of the Yellow Sea. Recovery of depleted fish stocks and improved mariculture production and quality and improved ecosystem health are among the outcomes of the project. Capturing and disseminating IMTA through developing training modules and conduct of training programs are part and parcel of the project approaches to promoting sustainable investment in aquaculture that will lead to a more ecologically sustainable mariculture in Yellow Sea region. Training Module for Integrated Multitrophic Aquaculture in PR China represents the collective efforts of scientists in documenting the practices of IMTA in PR China and elsewhere. It consists of six chapters, starting with an introduction of IMTA development in PR China and other countries, followed by assessment of carrying capacity of IMTA seawaters. In Chapter 3, the modules illustrate IMTA modalities of shellfish-seaweed and shellfish-seaweed-sea cucumber, pond-based IMTA, land-based integrated multi-trophic recirculating aquaculture model and application of IMTA in sea ranching programs. Through case studies, the modules talk about evaluation of ecosystem services of different IMTA models in Chapter 4, introduce two methods to conduct environmental monitoring of IMTA in Chapter 5, followed by prospects and suggestions of IMTA replication in YSLME and coastal areas in other countries. We hope the module can serve as a useful reference to the aquaculture managers, researchers and university students in their pursuit for environmentally friendly aquaculture. Yinfeng Guo Chief Technical Adviser and Manager UNDP/GEF YSLME Phase II Project Table of Contents CHAPTER 1: Global view on the development of IMTA 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 IMTA in PR China 1 1.2.1 Non-top level harvesting strategies 1 1.2.2 Carbon sink functions of shellfish and seaweed culture 2 1.2.3 Aquaculture at ecosystem level 2 1.2.4 Ecosystem level management 3 1.3 Global IMTA development and current situation 4 1.3.1 Canada 4 1.3.2 Chile 5 1.3.3 South Africa 6 1.3.4 Norway, Sweden and Finland 7 1.3.5 Israel 8 1.3.6 South Korea 9 CHAPTER 2: Carrying capacity assessment for Integrated Multitrophic Aquaculture 15 seawaters 2.1 Definition of carrying capacity 15 2.2 Assessment of carrying capacity for farmed seaweeds 17 2.2.1 Key parameters for assessment of carrying capacity for farmed seaweeds 17 2.2.2 Assessment models of carrying capacity for farmed seaweeds 19 2.2.3 Case study: the assessment of carrying capacity for farmed kelp in Sungo Bay 21 2.2.4 Evaluation of assessed production carrying capacity and aquaculture status 25 2.2.5 Error estimation of production carrying capacity 27 2.3 Assessment of carrying capacity for filter feeding shellfish 29 2.3.1 Filter feeding physiological ecology of bivalves 29 2.3.2 Determining feeding physio-ecology of bivalves by bio-deposition method 33 2.3.3 Evaluation of filter-feeding shellfish capacity 36 2.3.4 Case study – Assessment of production carrying capacity of Sungo Bay for scallop 38 2.4 Environmental carrying capacity assessment & ecological regulation strategy for fish 48 cage farming 2.4.1 Environmental impacts of fish cage culture 48 2.4.2 Advancement of studies on carrying capacity of cage culture 50 2.4.3 Regulation strategy for fish cage culture environments 55 2.5 Carrying capacity assessment for IMTA 60 2.5.1 Research status of carrying capacity assessment for IMTA 60 2.5.2 Steps of carrying capacity assessment for IMTA 63 2.5.3 Case analysis for carrying capacity assessment for IMTA 64 CHAPTER 3: Development and Management of IMTA 73 3.1 Shellfish-seaweed and shellfish-seaweed-sea cucumber IMTA 73 3.1.1 Biological and ecological characteristic of shellfish and seaweed in IMTA system 73 3.1.2 Establishment of the shellfish and seaweed integrated aquaculture system 77 3.1.4 Analysis of the economic and ecological benefit 79 3.2 The Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture in pond in Northern China 82 3.2.1 The biological characteristics and ecological habits of cultured species 82 3.2.2 The Requirements of ecological environment and site choice 86 3.2.3 Construction of IMTA Pond System 86 3.2.4 Analysis of Economic and Ecological Benefits 93 3.3 Pond IMTA in Zhejiang Province 96 3.3.1 The biological characteristics and ecological habits of the major farming species in the 96 pond IMTA system 3.3.2 Site selection and ecological environment requirement 108 3.3.3 Pond IMTA construction 108 3.3.4 Economic and ecological analysis 110 3.3.5 Excretion characters of fish 111 3.3.6 Site selection and eco-environmental conditions 113 3.3.7 Patterns of IMTA for Fish, Shellfish and Seaweed 118 3.3.8 Analysis of Economic and Ecological Benefits 120 3.5 Practice of Land-based Integrated Multi-Trophic Recirculating Aquaculture Model (L-IMTRA) 124 3.5.1 Foreword 124 3.5.2 The main culture/planting organisms in land-based IMTA 125 3.5.3 The Establishment of L-IMTRA 127 3.5.4 The water circulation of L-IMTRA system 135 3.5.5 The Benefits of L-IMTRA 136 3.5.6 IMTA progress 137 3.6 Application of Integrated Multi-tropic Aquaculture in sea ranching 139 3.6.1 Biological characteristics and ecological habits of the main aquaculture species in sea 139 ranching ecosystem 3.6.2 Site selection, ecological environment requirements 145 3.6.3 The construction of integrated aquaculture system illustrates the biological and 146 environmental factors affecting the construction of IMTA system, management elements, space requirements, process flow and etc. 3.6.4 Analysis of economic and ecological benefits 150 CHAPTER 4: Evaluation of ecosystem service and value in different aquaculture modes 153 4.1 Evaluation contents and methods of ecosystem services in different aquaculture modes 153 4.1.1 The implication of marine ecosystem service 153 4.1.2 Marine aquaculture ecosystem services classification 154 4.1.3 The content