A grammar of Pite Saami Joshua Wilbur language Studies in Diversity Linguistics, No 5 science press Studies in Diversity Linguistics Chief Editor: Martin Haspelmath Consulting Editors: Fernando Zúñiga, Peter Arkadiev, Ruth Singer, Pilar Valen zuela In this series: 1. Handschuh, Corinna. A typology of marked-S languages 2. Rießler, Michael. Adjective attribution 3. Klamer, Marian (ed.). The Alor-Pantar languages: History and typology 4. Berghäll, Liisa. A grammar of Mauwake (Papua New Guinea) 5. Wilbur, Joshua. A grammar of Pite Saami A grammar of Pite Saami Joshua Wilbur language science press Language Science Press Berlin Language Science Press Habelschwerdter Allee 45 14195 Berlin, Germany langsci-press.org This title can be downloaded at: http://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/17 © 2014, Joshua Wilbur Published under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Licence (CC BY 4.0): http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ISBN: 978-3-944675-47-3 Cover and concept of design: Ulrike Harbort Typesetting: Joshua Wilbur Proofreading: Joseph Farquharson, Tom Gardner, Richard Griscom, Jorge Emilio Rosés Labrada, Linda Lanz, Michelle Natolo, Stephanie Natolo, Jörn Piontek, Benedikt Singpiel Storage and cataloguing done by FU Berlin Language Science Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party Internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, ac- curate or appropriate. 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Muv vienagijda Árjepluovest Contents Acknowledgements xi Symbols and abbreviations xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 The Pite Saami language and its speakers ............. 1 1.1.1 Linguistic genealogy .................... 1 1.1.2 Names for Pite Saami .................... 1 1.1.3 Geography ......................... 2 1.1.4 The state of the Pite Saami language ........... 6 1.2 Linguistic documentation of Pite Saami .............. 7 1.2.1 Previous studies ....................... 8 1.2.2 The Pite Saami Documentation Project corpus ...... 10 1.2.3 Using this description ................... 15 1.3 Typological profile .......................... 22 2 Prosody 25 2.1 Monosyllabic word structure .................... 25 2.2 Multisyllabic word structure .................... 25 2.2.1 Word stress ......................... 26 2.2.2 Relevant prosodic domains ................ 28 2.2.3 Syllabification ........................ 30 2.2.4 A note on syllables and feet ................ 34 2.3 Utterance-level prosody ....................... 35 2.3.1 Intonation in utterances .................. 35 2.3.2 Utterance-final weakening ................. 36 3 Segmental phonology 37 3.1 Consonants .............................. 37 3.1.1 Consonant phonemes and allophonic variations ..... 37 3.1.2 Consonant clusters ..................... 58 Contents 3.2 Vowels ................................ 63 3.2.1 Vowel phonemes and allophonic variations ....... 64 3.2.2 Epenthetic schwa ...................... 70 4 Morphological patterns and word classes 73 4.1 Overview of morphology ...................... 73 4.1.1 Linear morphology ..................... 74 4.1.2 Non-linear morphology (morphophonology) ....... 74 4.2 Overview of word classes ...................... 81 5 Nominals I: Nouns 83 5.1 Number in nouns .......................... 83 5.2 The nominal case system ...................... 84 5.2.1 Nominative case ...................... 84 5.2.2 Genitive case ........................ 85 5.2.3 Accusative case ....................... 85 5.2.4 Illative case ......................... 86 5.2.5 Inessive case ........................ 87 5.2.6 Elative case ......................... 88 5.2.7 Comitative case ....................... 89 5.2.8 Abessive case ........................ 90 5.2.9 Essive case .......................... 91 5.3 Number and case marking on nouns ................ 92 5.3.1 Nominal suffixes ...................... 92 5.3.2 Non-linear noun morphology ............... 95 5.3.3 Problematic case/number marking in abessive case ... 97 5.4 Inflectional classes for nouns .................... 98 5.4.1 Class I ............................ 100 5.4.2 Class II ............................ 104 5.4.3 Class III ........................... 105 5.4.4 Summary of noun classes ................. 107 5.5 Possessive suffixes .......................... 108 6 Nominals II: Pronouns 113 6.1 Personal pronouns .......................... 113 6.2 Demonstrative pronouns ...................... 115 6.3 Reflexive pronouns ......................... 117 6.4 Interrogative pronouns ....................... 119 6.4.1 Interrogative pronouns with human referents ...... 119 vi Contents 6.4.2 Interrogative pronouns with non-human referents ... 120 6.4.3 Interrogative pronouns concerning a selection ...... 120 6.4.4 Non-nominal interrogative pro-forms .......... 123 6.5 Relative pronouns .......................... 125 7 Adjectivals 127 7.1 Attributive adjectives ........................ 128 7.1.1 Attributive adjectives in elliptic constructions ...... 129 7.2 Predicative adjectives ........................ 130 7.3 A note on attributive and predicative adjectives ......... 134 7.4 Comparatives and superlatives ................... 135 7.5 Comparing NP referents ...................... 137 7.6 Restrictions on smáva and unna ‘small’ .............. 138 7.7 Quantifiers .............................. 140 7.8 Demonstratives ........................... 142 7.9 Numerals ............................... 143 7.9.1 Basic numerals ....................... 143 7.9.2 Complex numerals ..................... 145 7.9.3 Numerals and morphosyntax ............... 147 8 Verbs 149 8.1 Finite verbs and inflectional categories .............. 149 8.1.1 Person and number ..................... 149 8.1.2 Tense ............................ 150 8.1.3 Mood ............................ 151 8.2 Non-finite verb forms and periphrastically marked verbal cate- gories ................................. 153 8.2.1 Future ............................ 155 8.2.2 Aspect ............................ 155 8.2.3 Negation ........................... 157 8.3 Passive voice ............................. 158 8.4 Morphological marking strategies on verbs ............ 159 8.4.1 Inflectional suffixes for verbs ............... 160 8.4.2 Non-linear morphology in verbs ............. 161 8.4.3 The potential mood: inflection or derivation? ...... 165 8.5 Inflectional classes for verbs .................... 168 8.5.1 Class I ............................ 170 8.5.2 Class II ............................ 171 8.5.3 Class III ........................... 173 vii Contents 8.5.4 Class IV ........................... 175 8.5.5 Class V ............................ 176 8.5.6 Other possible verb classes ................. 178 8.5.7 The verb årrot ‘be’ ..................... 178 8.5.8 The negation verb ...................... 179 8.5.9 Summary of verb classes .................. 180 9 Other word classes 183 9.1 Adverbs ................................ 183 9.1.1 Derived adverbs ....................... 183 9.1.2 Lexical adverbs ....................... 184 9.2 Adpositions ............................. 187 9.2.1 Postpositions ........................ 188 9.2.2 Prepositions ......................... 189 9.3 Conjunctions ............................. 190 9.4 Interjections ............................. 192 10 Derivational morphology 195 10.1 Nominal derivation ......................... 196 10.1.1 The diminutive suffix -tj .................. 196 10.1.2 The general nominalizer suffix -k ............. 197 10.1.3 The action nominalizer suffix -o .............. 199 10.1.4 The agent nominalizer suffix -däddje ........... 200 10.1.5 The state nominalizer suffix -vuohta ........... 201 10.2 Verbal derivation .......................... 202 10.2.1 The diminutive verbalizer suffix -tj ............ 202 10.2.2 The verbal derivational suffix -st ............. 204 10.2.3 The verbal derivational suffix -d .............. 204 10.2.4 The verbal derivational suffix -dall ............ 205 10.2.5 Passivization with the derivational suffix -duvv ..... 205 10.3 Adjectival derivation ........................ 207 10.3.1 Adjective derivation .................... 207 10.3.2 Ordinal numeral derivation with -át ........... 208 10.4 Adverbial derivation ......................... 208 10.5 Summary of derivational morphology ............... 208 11 Phrase types 211 11.1 Verb complex ............................ 211 viii Contents 11.2 Nominal phrases ........................... 215 11.2.1 NPs in adverbial function ................. 219 11.3 Adjectival phrases .......................... 219 11.3.1 APs in adverbial function ................. 222 11.4 Adverbial phrases .......................... 222 11.5 Postpositional phrases ........................ 223 12 Overview of the syntax of sentences 225 12.1 Grammatical relations ........................ 225 12.2 Constituent order at clause level .................. 226 12.2.1 Information structure ................... 229 13 Basic clauses 231 13.1 Declarative clauses ......................... 231 13.1.1 Basic intransitive declaratives ............... 231 13.1.2 Basic transitive declaratives ................ 233 13.1.3 Existential clauses ..................... 234 13.1.4 Copular clauses ....................... 235 13.1.5 Multi-verb declarative clauses ............... 237 13.2 Interrogative clauses ........................ 242 13.2.1 Constituent