Springer Series in Translational Stroke Research Series Editor John Zhang For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/10064 wwwwwwwwwwww Jeffrey M. Gidday Miguel A. Perez-Pinzon John H. Zhang Editors Innate Tolerance in the CNS Translational Neuroprotection by Pre- and Post-Conditioning Editors Jeffrey M. Gidday Miguel A. Perez-Pinzon Department of Neurosurgery Department of Neurology Washington University School of Medicine Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine St. Louis, MO, USA University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA John H. Zhang Loma Linda University Loma Linda, CA, USA ISBN 978-1-4419-9694-7 ISBN 978-1-4419-9695-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-9695-4 Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2012945397 © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, speci fi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on micro fi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied speci fi cally for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a speci fi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Preface The past two decades have witnessed remarkable advances in our molecular understanding of how brain cells die after stroke, brain injury, and neurodegenera- tion. Yet a clinically effective neuroprotectant remains elusive. Perhaps, a gentle paradigm shift may be required. CNS disease comprises a complex mix of pathophysiologic mechanisms. Stroke is primarily an energetic insult. Traumatic brain injury is caused by biomechanical lesions. And in neurodegenerative disorders, a wide range of environmental agents and genetic perturbations has been implicated. However, in spite of this diversity in initial disease triggers, downstream molecular pathways of neuronal death and brain dysfunction show a large degree of overlap. This gives us hope. If we understand the common mechanisms of neuronal death, then we should be able to design rational and focused therapies to prevent this from happening. Thus, our current model of neuroprotection is based on the premise that curing CNS disease is best achieved by blocking deleterious pathways. But what might be missing from this conceptual formulation is the possibility that embedded within the pathophysiology of CNS disease are endogenous mecha- nisms of neuroprotection. As the CNS becomes damaged or diseased, it instinc- tively activates innate pathways of self-preservation. These evolutionarily conserved responses may provide a treasure trove of new “targets.” Instead of searching for exogenous agents that attempt to block brain cell death, is it possible to seek clever ways to augment innate neuroprotection? This exciting volume assembles an impressive list of leading authorities in the fi eld to de fi ne, dissect, and debate this hypothesis. The fundamentals provided here will help us explore new frontiers of neuroprotection for many years to come. Eng H. Lo, Ph.D. Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA v wwwwwwwwwwww Contents Part I Comparative Physiology and Historical Background 1 Tolerance, Historical Review ................................................................. 3 Roger Simon 2 Anoxia Resistance in Lower and Higher Vertebrates .......................... 19 John W. Thompson, Göran E. Nilsson, and Miguel A. Perez-Pinzon 3 Hibernation: A Natural Model of Tolerance to Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion ......................................................... 37 Kelly L. Drew, Jeffrey A. Zuckerman, Phillip E. Shenk, Lori K. Bogren, Tulasi R. Jinka, and Jeanette T. Moore 4 Preconditioning in the Heart .................................................................. 51 Derek J. Hausenloy and Derek M. Yellon Part II Conditioning Methods 5 Neuroprotection and Physical Preconditioning: Exercise, Hypothermia, and Hyperthermia ......................................... 105 Ryan Kochanski, David Dornbos III, and Yuchuan Ding 6 A New Future in Brain Preconditioning Based on Nutraceuticals: A Focus on a-Linolenic Omega-3 Fatty Acid for Stroke Protection ........................................... 133 Nicolas Blondeau and Joseph S. Tauskela 7 Medical Gases for Conditioning: Volatile Anesthetics, Hyperbaric Oxygen, and Hydrogen Sulfide ......................................... 165 Zhiyi Zuo 8 Hypoxic Preconditioning in the CNS .................................................... 183 Robert D. Gilchrist and Jeffrey M. Gidday vii viii Contents 9 Pharmacologic Preconditioning ............................................................. 213 Jian Guan, Richard F. Keep, Ya Hua, Karin M. Muraszko, and Guohua Xi 10 Surgical Methods to Induce Brain Preconditioning ............................ 225 Giuseppe Pignataro, Ornella Cuomo, and Antonio Vinciguerra Part III Conditioning Models for Cerebral Ischemia 11 Tolerance Against Global Cerebral Ischemia: Experimental Strategies, Mechanisms, and Clinical Applications ....................................................................... 243 Kunjan R. Dave, Hung Wen Lin, and Miguel A. Perez-Pinzon 12 Preconditioning and Neuroprotection in the Immature Brain ........... 259 Nicole M. Jones and Adam A. Galle 13 Conditioning Studies in Focal Cerebral Ischemia: Model Selection, Physiological Monitoring, and Other Methodological Issues .......................................................... 269 Thaddeus S. Nowak Jr. and Liang Zhao 14 Preconditioning for SAH ........................................................................ 291 Robert P. Ostrowski and John H. Zhang 15 Preconditioning and Intracerebral Hemorrhage ................................. 309 Richard F. Keep, Ya Hua, and Guohua Xi 16 The Protective Effects of Ischemic Postconditioning in Experimental Stroke ........................................................................... 317 Heng Zhao Part IV Mechanisms of Preconditioning 17 Synaptic Signaling in Ischemic Tolerance............................................. 339 Robert Meller 18 The Genomics of Preconditioning and Ischemic Tolerance ................ 363 Keri B. Vartanian, Susan L. Stevens, and Mary P. Stenzel-Poore 19 How Do Subcellular Organelles Participate in Preconditioning-Conferred Neuroprotection? ................................. 387 Peiying Li, Rehana Leak, Yu Gan, Xiaoming Hu, R. Anne Stetler, and Jun Chen 20 Ischemic Preconditioning-Mediated Signaling Pathways Leading to Tolerance Against Cerebral Ischemia ................................ 429 Srinivasan Narayanan, Jake T. Neumann, Kahlilia C. Morris-Blanco, Miguel A. Perez-Pinzon, and Hung Wen Lin Contents ix 21 Preconditioning the Neurovascular Unit: Tolerance in the Brain’s Nonneuronal Cells........................................................... 457 Ann M. Stowe and Jeffrey M. Gidday Part V Other Neurological Disorders 22 Preconditioning for Surgical Brain Injury ........................................... 485 Cherine H. Kim, Han Chen, and John H. Zhang 23 Intrinsic Neuroprotection in Traumatic Brain Injury ......................... 499 Esther Shohami and Michal Horowitz 24 Preconditioning for Epilepsy .................................................................. 521 David C. Henshall and Eva M. Jimenez-Mateos 25 Ischemic Pre- and Post-conditioning in the Retina .............................. 541 Steven Roth and John C. Dreixler Part VI Clinical Applications 26 Clinical Cerebral Preconditioning and Postconditioning .................... 553 Cameron Dezfulian 27 Preconditioning Strategy: Coronary Bypass, Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, Temporary Proximal Vessel Occlusion in Carotid Revascularization, and Intracranial Aneurysm Surgery .................................................................................. 567 George Kwok Chu Wong, Matthew Tak Vai Chan, and Wai Sang Poon 28 HBO Preconditioning for TBI and Stroke Patients ............................. 579 Qiang Wang and Lize Xiong 29 Electroacupuncture Preconditioning for Stroke Patients ................... 591 Qiang Wang and Lize Xiong 30 Clinical Trials of Ischemic Conditioning .............................................