Degree in Law Final Year Dissertation (21067/22747) Year 2015-2016 SCHENGEN AND THE REINTRODUCTION OF INTERNAL BORDER CONTROLS Dana Fuentes de Tienda 151493 Tutora: Sílvia Morgades Gil DECLARACIÓ D’AUTORIA I ORIGINALITAT Jo, Dana Fuentes de Tienda, certifico que el present treball no ha estat presentat per a l‘avaluació de cap altra assignatura, ja sigui en part o en la seva totalitat. Certifico també que el seu contingut és original i que en sóc l‘únic autor, no incloent cap material anteriorment publicat o escrit per altres persones llevat d‘aquells casos indicats al llarg del text. Com a autor/a de la memòria original d‘aquest Treball Fi de Grau autoritzo la UPF a dipositar-la i publicar-la a l‘e-Repositori: Repositori Digital de la UPF, http://repositori.upf.edu, o en qualsevol altra plataforma digital creada per o participada per la Universitat, d‘accés obert per Internet. Aquesta autorització té caràcter indefinit, gratuït i no exclusiu, és a dir, sóc lliure de publicar-la en qualsevol altre lloc. Dana Fuentes de Tienda Barcelona, a 2 de juny 2016 ABSTRACT The Schengen Area, which currently comprises twenty-six countries, has represented one of the most far-reaching achievements in the process of European integration. Since 1995, controls at internal borders have been abolished and citizens have been granted the right of free movement of persons within the area. Today, however, the future of Schengen seems to be at risk. Following the provisions of the Schengen Borders Code (SBC), several Member States have decided to reintroduce controls at its internal borders. In the context of the on-going refugee and migration crisis and the rise of terrorist threats, the EU is facing major challenges and has the arduous task of appropriately addressing them. The aim of this study is to analyse the SBC‘s provisions under which such reintroductions can be carried out and to provide an understanding of the recent situations where such exceptional measures have been taken. Furthermore, we will take a close look at the role of the European Commission and finally discuss the actions that could help ease our current situation. All in all, we will reveal the most relevant questions surrounding border management and reflect on the present as well as the future of the Schengen Area. INDEX 1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1 2. THE SCHENGEN BORDERS CODE ............................................................................... 2 2.1. An overview of the European Union ..................................................................................................... 2 2.2. The Schengen Borders Code ................................................................................................................. 5 2.2.1. Note on external borders .......................................................................................................... 6 2.2.2. Internal borders and temporary reintroduction of border controls ............................................ 6 2.3. The importance of solidarity and mutual trust ....................................................................................... 8 3. AMENDING THE SBC ..................................................................................................... 9 3.1. The SBC‘s legal evolution ..................................................................................................................... 9 3.2. The Schengen Governance Package .................................................................................................... 11 4. THE REINTRODUCTION OF INTERNAL BORDER CONTROLS IN THE SCHENGEN AREA ................................................................................................................. 12 4.1. Internal border control into practice .................................................................................................... 12 4.1.1. Reintroduction of control at internal borders until 2015 ........................................................ 12 4.1.2. Reintroduction of control at internal borders after 2015 ........................................................ 14 4.2. The role of the European Commission ................................................................................................ 17 4.2.1. The Commission‘s assessment on Germany and Austria ....................................................... 18 4.2.2. Back to Schengen – A Roadmap ............................................................................................ 19 5. SCHENGEN: PRESENT AND FUTURE........................................................................ 20 5.1. The situation in Europe today .............................................................................................................. 20 5.2. Expected development paths ............................................................................................................... 23 6. CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................................... 27 7. BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................. 29 ANNEX I .................................................................................................................................. 34 TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS EU European Union SBC Schengen Borders Code EC European Commission ECSC European Coal and Steel Community EURATOM European Atomic Energy Community TEU Treaty on European Union SIC Schengen Implementing Convention SIS Schengen Information System TFEU Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union EEA European Economic Area EP European Parliament RPS Regulatory Procedure Scrutiny EASO European Asylum Support Office EUROPOL European Police Office COP21 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference EBCG European Border and Coast Guard FN National Front (Front National) UKIP UK Independence Party NPD National Democratic Party of Germany 1. INTRODUCTION The Schengen system has played a fundamental role in the process of European integration. On a continent where nations once shed blood to defend their territories, today EU citizens share the right of freedom of movement. Ever since the Agreement was implemented in 1995, internal border controls have been abolished and the Schengen Area has constituted one of the Union‘s biggest achievements ever. Nevertheless, the future of Schengen seems to be at stake. The massive arrival of immigrants and the threat of international terrorism raise many questions as to how to regain control over the present situation. It is at this point where Member States are faced with the dichotomy between freedom and security. This paper seeks to analyse our current state of affairs from a legal perspective. More specifically, with regard to the reintroduction of internal border controls in the EU. We will initially provide a historical context of the European Union and then analyse the Schengen Borders Code and its successive amendments. In addition, we will identify the situations where Member States have resorted to exceptional measures and examine the European‘s Commission assessment with regard to such reintroductions. To do so, we will interpret the SBC and understand its evolution within the framework of Europe‘s social developments. It must be mentioned that, as one would expect, this is a matter of topical interest which at the same time presents a significant challenge as it is essential to be fully abreast of the latest news and legislative developments. This is why we will take into account the most recent publications and findings from official EU bodies such as the EC as well as any relevant press releases on the subject. In addition, we will infer from interviews, law reviews and studies the opinion of different experts in the field. Finally, we will take a close look at the Member State‘s positions and also at the steps taken by the EU to address the outstanding challenges. In light of the above facts and considerations we will finally discuss the impact of the recent events and developments in the whole Schengen idea. We will gather the findings in order to make a humble attempt to reveal what the trend looks like. More specifically, we will set forth the possible scenarios regarding the burning question of Europe‘s future border management. 1 2. THE SCHENGEN BORDERS CODE 2.1. An overview of the European Union First of all, it is important to provide a historical introduction to have a better understanding of the European idea. Europe is a community of different cultures which has shared many of the most influential economic, political and artistic movements throughout history. The core idea of European integration has been to find union in diversity whilst forging a common destiny. Today, trying to strike the right balance between respect for cultural diversity and the construction of a shared European spirit is at Europe‘s core challenges. The EU was initially thought as an economic and political union of countries aiming at ending war between neighbours, especially after WWII. It was set up with the idea of building a peaceful, united and prosperous Europe. The first step towards a more united Europe was marked by the creation of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) in 1951. It was the Schuman Declaration presented by the French foreign minister Robert Schuman in 1950 that proposed the creation of the ECSC, whose founding