Comparison of Five Different Methods for Determining Pile Bearing Capacities Prepared for Wisconsin Highway Research Program Andrew Hanz WHRP Program Manager 3356 Engineering Hall 1415 Engineering Dr. Madison, WI 53706 by James H. Long, P.E. Associate Professor of Civil Engineering Josh Hendrix David Jaromin Department of Civil Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana/Champaign 205 North Mathews Urbana, Illinois 61801 Contact: Jim Long at (217) 333-2543 [email protected] Wisconsin Highway Research Program #0092-07-04 Comparison of Five Different Methods for Determining Pile Bearing Capacities Final Report by James H Long Joshua Hendrix David Jaromin of the University of Illinois at Urbana/Champaign SUBMITTED TO THE WISCONSIN DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION February 2009 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......................................................................................................................iv DISCLAIMER.........................................................................................................................................vi Technical Report Documentation Page ...............................................................................vii Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................ix Project Summary .............................................................................................................................ix Background.................................................................................................................................ix Process .........................................................................................................................................x Findings and Conclusions .........................................................................................................xii Chapter1....................................................................................................................................................1 1.0 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................1 Chapter2....................................................................................................................................................3 2.0 METHODS FOR PREDICTING AXIAL PILE CAPACITY...........................................................3 2.1 INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................................................3 2.2 ESTIMATES USING DYNAMIC FORMULAE ....................................................................3 2.2.1 The Engineering News (EN) Formula...............................................................................4 2.2.2 Original Gates Equation.....................................................................................................5 2.2.3 Modified Gates Equation (Olson and Flaate)....................................................................5 2.2.4 FHWA-Modified Gates Equation (USDOT) ....................................................................6 2.2.5 Long (2001) Modification to Original Gates Method.......................................................6 2.2.6 Washington Department of Transportation (WSDOT) method........................................7 2.3 ESTIMATES USING PILE DRIVING ANALYZER (PDA) .................................................7 2.4 EFFECT OF TIME ON PILE CAPACITY ..............................................................................9 2.5 CAPWAP (CASE Pile Wave Analysis Program)...................................................................10 2.6 SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION ..........................................................................................11 Chapter3..................................................................................................................................................13 3.0 DATABASES, NATIONWIDE COLLECTION AND WISCONSIN DATA .................................13 3.1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................13 3.2 FLAATE, 1964.........................................................................................................................13 3.3 OLSON AND FLAATE, 1967................................................................................................14 3.4 FRAGASZY et al. 1988, 1989.................................................................................................14 3.5 DATABASE FROM FHWA...................................................................................................15 3.6 ALLEN (2005) and NCHRP 507 ............................................................................................15 3.7 WISCONSIN DOT DATABASE ...........................................................................................15 3.8 SUMMARY .............................................................................................................................16 Chapter4..................................................................................................................................................30 4.0 PREDICTED VERSUS MEASURED CAPACITY USING THE NATIONWIDE DATABASE..30 4.1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................30 4.2 DESCRIPTION OF DATA .....................................................................................................30 4.3 COMPARISONS OF PREDICTED AND MEASURED CAPACITY ................................31 4.4 WISC-EN METHOD...............................................................................................................33 4.4.1 Wisc-EN vs. SLT .............................................................................................................33 4.4.2 Wisc-EN vs. PDA (EOD) and CAPWAP (BOR) ...........................................................34 4.5 WASHINGTON STATE DOT METHOD (WSDOT)...........................................................34 - i - 4.5.1 WSDOT vs. SLT..............................................................................................................34 4.5.2 WSDOT vs. PDA and CAPWAP....................................................................................34 4.6 FHWA-GATES METHOD .....................................................................................................35 4.6.1 FHWA-Gates vs. SLT......................................................................................................35 4.6.2 FHWA-Gates vs. PDA(EOD) and CAPWAP(BOR)...........................................................35 4.7 PDA(EOD) AND CAPWAP(BOR)........................................................................................35 4.8 DEVELOPMENT OF THE “CORRECTED”FHWA-GATES METHOD...........................36 4.9 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......................................................................................37 Chapter 5.................................................................................................................................................79 5.0 PREDICTED VERSUS MEASURED CAPACITY USING THE DATABASE COLLECTED FROM WISCONSIN DOT...................................................................................................................79 5.1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................79 5.2 DESCRIPTION OF DATA .....................................................................................................79 5.3 WISC-EN AND FHWA-GATES COMPARED WITH PDA-EOD .....................................81 5.4 WISC-EN AND FHWA-GATES COMPARED TO PDA-BOR...........................................82 5.4.1 Wisc-EN ...........................................................................................................................84 5.4.2 FHWA-Gates....................................................................................................................84 5.5 STATIC LOAD TEST RESULTS ..........................................................................................85 5.6 FHWA-GATES COMPARED TO WISC-EN .......................................................................86 5.7 EFFECT OF HAMMER TYPE...............................................................................................87 5.7.1 Wisc-EN ...........................................................................................................................87 5.7.2 FHWA-Gates....................................................................................................................87 5.7.3 PDA-EOD ........................................................................................................................88 5.8 Wisc-EN, FHWA-Gates, PDA-EOD compared to CAPWAP-BOR .....................................88 5.8.1 Wisc-EN ...........................................................................................................................88 5.8.2 FHWA-Gates....................................................................................................................88 5.8.3 PDA-EOD ........................................................................................................................89 5.9 WSDOT Formula.....................................................................................................................90