Governance, marketing and innovations in Beninese pineapple supply chains A survey of smallholder farmers in South Benin Djalalou-Dine Ademonla A. Arinloye Thesis committee Promotors Prof. Dr S.W.F. Omta Professor of Management Studies, Wageningen University Prof. Dr Ir M.A.J.S. van Boekel Professor of Food Quality and Design, Wageningen University Co-promotors Dr J.L.F. Hagelaar Assistant Professor, Management Studies Group, Wageningen University Dr Ir A.R. Linnemann Assistant Professor, Food Quality and Design, Wageningen University Other members Prof. Dr R. Ruben, Radboud University Nijmegen Prof. Dr ir C. Leeuwis, Wageningen University Prof. Dr X. Gellinck, Ghent University, Belgium Dr D. Hounkonnou, Connecting Development Partners (CDP) International, Benin This research was conducted under the auspices of the Wageningen School of Social Sciences (WASS) and the Graduate School VLAG (Advanced studies in Food Technology, Agrobiotechnology, Nutrition and Health Sciences) Governance, marketing and innovations in Beninese pineapple supply chains A survey of smallholder farmers in South Benin Djalalou-Dine Ademonla A. Arinloye Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of doctor at Wageningen University by the authority of the Rector Magnificus Prof. dr. M.J. Kropff, in the presence of the Thesis committee appointed by the Academic Board to be defended in public on Thursday 25 April 2013 at 11 a.m. in the Aula. Djalalou-Dine Ademonla A. Arinloye Governance, marketing and innovations in Beninese pineapple supply chains, 194 pages. PhD thesis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, NL (2013) With references, with summaries in English and Dutch ISBN: 978-94-6173-534-8 Acknowledgements This thesis represents a continuation of my engagement with empirical research I performed at the Agricultural Policy Analysis Unit of the National Agriculture Research Institute of Benin (PAPA/INRAB) and the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA). The long journey of four and a half years of PhD study marks the fulfilment of my dream and the beginning of another experience. First and foremost, I would like to thank Prof. Tiny van Boekel, Dr Aad van Tilburg, Dr Paul Ingenbleek and Prof. Hounhouigan Joseph. You believed in my capability and competence to conduct a PhD thesis with Wageningen University under the CoQA program and selected me on a competitive basis after the interview held in Benin during June 2008. I greatly acknowledge INREF (the Interdisciplinary Research and Education Fund) of Wageningen University and the Netherlands Fellowship Program (NUFFIC) for funding this research. Thanks also to the LEB foundation for contributing to my participation in the 2012 Las Vegas International Academic Conference held in Nevada-USA and to the Dr Judith Zwartz Foundation for supporting the printing of this thesis. I owe much to my promotors Prof. Onno Omta and Prof. Tiny van Boekel and to my co- promotors, Dr Geoffrey Hagelaar and Dr Anita Linnemann. You engaged yourself in accompanying me on the PhD acquisition path. With the expectation that you have enjoyed this journey, I would like to thank each of you for instructing me that being a scientist requires to be critical, rigorous, meticulous, open-minded, alert, but also to balance work with leisure and social life. You have always encouraged me to trust that I was able to do better. You are available for any matter I raise, and you take care of them very professionally. You are available to review all my scientific work at all stages. I extend this to your respective relatives Frances, Corrie, Francis and Ragnar who offered me good hospitality and to Dr Stefano Pascucci for his collaboration in writing some scientific publications. Prof. Joseph Hounhouigan and Dr Jos Bijman (coordinators of the CoQA program in Benin and in the Netherlands) did a lot of work for the coordination of the present research project between Netherlands and Benin. I am really thankful. My great word of thanks goes to my paranymphs: Zhen and Daylan. I would like to thank the entire Management Studies Group and Food and Quality Design Group for the friendship and support. I received relevant advices and comments on draft chapters of this thesis from Jacques Trienekens, Emiel Wubben, Wilfred Schoenmakers, Domenico Dentoni, Christos Kolympiris, Herman Kok and many other colleagues. I am grateful to Rita Abban, Gumataw Abebe, Ekaterina Grekova, Zhen Liu, Andrei Cechin, Janne Denolf, Eva Aviny, Etriya Etriya, Gohar Isakhanyan, Hanieh Khodaei, Rannia Nijhoff-Savvaki, Jaime Coronado, Mark Wever, Mersiha Tepic, Philipp Garbade, Daniel Agbeko and Waliou Yessoufou for the nice working environment they offered me. I had nice friendship and social interaction with colleagues in Food and Quality Design group. Thanks to Daylan Tzompa Sosa, Yann Madode, Fernande Honfo, Menouwesso Hounhouigan, Leo Lamboni, Radhika Bongoni, Klementina Krum Kirezieva, Etske Bijl, Fahui Liu, Irmela Kruse, Jenneke Heising, Lina Zhang, Liya Yi, Jing Lu, Lysanne Hoksbergen, Marine De Devezeaux Lavergne, Sarn Settachaimongkon, Augustine Mpofu, Teresa Oliviero, and Phan Van-Anh for the good times and knowledge sharing during our Lab trip and PhD trip in England. Thanks to Meike Wollni, Annie Royer and Verena Bitzer, all CoQA Postdocs for their contributions and comments on chapters in this thesis. This thesis made me member of a PhD research fellows that I consider as a community. Thanks to Nicodeme, Harold, Adana, Abebe, Temesgen, Misery and Bukelwa for the fruitful discussions we have had during this entire PhD study journey. My special appreciation goes to Nadine Wacka, Tabi Engoh, Hope Agemo, Valerie Makoge, Nurudeen Alimi, Inge Ruisch and Terrens Saaki. Your friendship and hospitality made me feel very comfortable during lonely times in Wageningen. Thanks for proofreading this thesis. The study would never have come true if there were not continuous assistance and support from administration and study management side. Ina Versteeg, Leonie van Scherrenburg, Johnnatan Boddie, Germaine Dunselman, Monique Pattiata, Jeanette Lubbers-Poortvliet, Gisella Cloosterman-Kersten, Ineke van Driel, Marcella Haan, and Anne Pluijmaekers, thanks for your endeavors. In the Faculty of Agriculture Science of University of Abomey-Calavi, I owe acknowledgement to Prof. Joseph Hounhouigan, Prof. Euloge Agbossou, Prof. Rigobert Tossou, Prof. Gauthier Biaou, Dr Polycarpe Kayode and Prof. Mohamed Soumanou of Polytechnic School (EPAC) for their advices and support. Special thanks to Dr Houinsou Dedehouanou and Dr Pascaline Babadankpodji for knowledge sharing and the opportunity I was given to teach students on the value chain analysis and market access courses in 2010 and 2012. I owe great acknowledgement and thanks to the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), especially to my local supervisor Dr Ousmane Coulibaly and to Dr Manuel Tamo (IITA country representative) for their contribution in commenting this thesis and for offering me a nice working environment during my entire PhD field work in Benin. I thank Dr Kerstin Hell and Cathelijne van Melle for their support and advice. Cathelijne gave me the chance to know a lot about Dutch habit and environment before and after I started my PhD studies, thank to you and Jell for the good time we spent together in Benin and the Netherlands. I am grateful to the comments, supports and prayers from Dr Adeoti Razack, Dr Adetonah Sounkoura, Dr Rousseau Djouaka, Raymond Allomasso, Brice Gbaguidi, Joelle Toffa, Leonie Koumassa, Sonia Padonou, Johanes Agbahey, Remy Ahoyo, Landry Fanou, Wilfried Allogni, Mouinatou Souradjou, Kan Carine and Moise Djade. The present thesis has been made possible by the cooperation of numerous institutions and stakeholders with whom dada were collected. We are thankful to staff from ADEx, CEBENOR, INRAB, HELVETAS, CeRPA-AL, UGPAT, ARPA and REPAB, FSA and pineapple farmers, traders, processors and exporters in Zè, Allada, Tori-Bossito, Toffo, Abomey-Calavi and Cotonou Districts (in Benin) and Grate Accra, Central Region and Eastern Region (in Ghana) for their great contribution and the richness of the information provided. Special thanks to my field assistants Mohamed Akadiri, Aubin Fafe, Adelaïde Adoukonou in Benin and Annette Kempa in Ghana. I shared my joy and stresses with several country fellows and friends who joined Wageningen for their MSc or PhD studies. Thanks to Honoré Biaou, Rose Fagbemissi, Patrice Adegbola, Latifou Idrissou, Elie Dannon, Okry Florent, Alphonse Singbo, Romaric Vihotogbe, Yann Madode, Augustin Kouevi, Souleimane Adekambi, Nicodeme Fassinou, Menouwesso Hounhouigan, Charles Tamou, Guirguissou Maboudou Alidou, Folachodé Akogou, Fernande Honfo, Ozias Hounkpatin, Gerard Zoundji, Sylvain Dabade, Edmond Totin, Euloge Togbe, Rolland Yemadje, Essègbèmon Akpo, Laurent Glin, Sauliou Mazu, Jonas Wanvoeke, Evans Agbossou, Nathalie Kpera, Landry Fanou, Leo Lamboni, and Simon N’cho. I thank Dorothy Wartena for the meal we always shared together in Wageningen. Finally, during the whole research period in Benin and my stay in Wageningen, I had left behind my lovely family who missed me for a long period. I thank them for understanding and always encouraging me. Wageningen, April 2013 Djalalou-Dine A. Arinloye To Guaniyatou Olakitan Kafilath Olagninka Adouke, and Fadil Arafat Oladele. Table of Contents Acknowledgements 5 Chapter 1: General Introduction 13 1.1. Preface 15 1.2. Introduction 17 1.3. Problem statement and objectives of the study 18 1.4.