DOPING EDUCATION STATUS IN KENYA: EVALUATION OF KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES AND PRACTICE OF DOPING AMONG ELITE KENYAN ATHLETES REPORT COMPILED FOR THE WORLD ANTI-DOPING AGENCY (WADA) Michael Boit1, Paul Dimeo2, Vincent Onywera 1, Gitahi Theuri 1, Festus Kiplamai 1, Selina Sigei1, Danielle Stewart 2, Lorcan Cronin 2 1Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya 2University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................................................... 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................... 3 LITERATURE REVIEW .............................................................................................................................. 3 Background ............................................................................................................................................... 3 Diet and lifestyle factors............................................................................................................................ 4 Historical and physiological explanations ................................................................................................. 4 Environmental influences.......................................................................................................................... 4 Athlete motivation .................................................................................................................................... 4 Global Flow ............................................................................................................................................... 4 ‘Migration’ of African athletes .................................................................................................................. 4 Drug Use: Sport and Non-Sport ............................................................................................................... 5 Recreational drug use in Kenya ................................................................................................................. 5 Knowledge and use of plants .................................................................................................................... 5 Kenyan khat/ miraa ................................................................................................................................... 5 Drugs in African Sport ............................................................................................................................... 6 Participants ............................................................................................................................................... 8 Procedures ................................................................................................................................................ 9 Measures ................................................................................................................................................... 9 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 9 RESULTS.................................................................................................................................................... 10 Knowledge of drug testing procedures ................................................................................................... 10 Knowledge of procedures following a positive test ................................................................................ 10 Common sources of doping information .................................................................................................... 11 2 Sports Associations ................................................................................................................................ 11 Preferred websites for drug-free sport information .............................................................................. 11 Other resources and services ................................................................................................................. 11 Evaluation of knowledge about doping ..................................................................................................... 12 Prohibited substances and methods ....................................................................................................... 12 Testing procedures .................................................................................................................................. 12 Athlete rights and Responsibilities .......................................................................................................... 13 Knowledge of supplements ..................................................................................................................... 13 Attitudes of Kenyan athlete’s towards doping ............................................................................................ 13 Evaluation of doping among Kenyan athlete’s ........................................................................................... 13 Athletes’ perceptions of the extent of doping ........................................................................................ 13 Association between doping and social drugs ....................................................................................... 13 Purposeful use of performance enhancing drugs ................................................................................... 14 Knowledge of fellow athletes using P.E.D’s ............................................................................................. 14 Use of nutritional supplements bought over-the-counter ..................................................................... 14 Use of supplements by Kenyan athletes ..................................................................................................... 14 Extent of use of herbal and nutritional supplements ............................................................................. 14 Types of supplements used ..................................................................................................................... 14 Reasons for use of supplements ............................................................................................................ 14 Athletes suggestions about managing doping in their sport........................................................................ 15 Specific drug-free issues or testing needed by athletes .......................................................................... 15 Means by which you would prefer to be alerted to news on drug-free sport ..................................... 15 DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................................................. 16 Knowledge of doping among Kenyan athletes ........................................................................................ 16 Attitudes of Kenyan athletes towards doping ......................................................................................... 16 3 Doping practices among Kenyan athletes ............................................................................................... 16 Use of herbal and nutritional supplements ............................................................................................ 16 Factors that influence the doping practices of Kenyan athletes ............................................................. 17 Sources of doping information used by Kenyan athletes ........................................................................ 17 SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................................ 17 Demographic information ....................................................................................................................... 17 Assessment of doping knowledge ........................................................................................................... 17 Attitudes of Kenyan athletes towards doping ......................................................................................... 17 Doping practices among Kenyan athletes ............................................................................................... 17 Factors that influence doping practices amongst Kenyan athletes ......................................................... 17 Sources of doping information used by Kenyan athletes ...................................................................... 17 Effect of age, gender and experience on athlete’s attitudes and doping practices ................................ 18 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................................... 18 RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................................................................ 19 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................... 19 APPENDIX 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