Multiple Faces of Khat Edited by Asnake Kefale and Zerihun Mohammed Forum for Social Studies Multiple Faces of Khat Edited by Asnake Kefale and Zerihun Mohammed Forum for Social Studies (FSS) Addis Ababa Ethiopia © 2017 Forum for Social Studies (FSS) All rights reserved. Printed in Addis Ababa ISBN: 978-99944-50-61-9 Forum for Social Studies (FSS) P.O. Box 25864 code 1000 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Email: [email protected] Web: www.fssethiopia.org.et This book has been published with the financial support of the Civil Society Support Program (CSSP). The contents of the Book are the sole responsibilities of the authors and can under no circumstances be regarded as reflecting the position of the CSSP or the FSS. ii Table of Contents Forward ........................................................................................................................ iii Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 1 Asnake Kefale and Zerihun Mohammed Shift in Livelihood Strategies: From Principal Cereal to Jimaa/Khat Cultivation among Alla and Nolei Oromo of Lake Haramaya-Tiniqe Watershed............................... 9 Tilahun Tefera Extent of Chata Edulies Distribution in Homegardens Agroforestry: A Case Study From Hintalo Wejerat woreda, Tigray, Ethiopia................................................................37 Hintsa Muruts and Yohannes Desta Khat-Related Employment: A Futile or a Neglected Reality? Cases in Khat Distribution and Retail-outlets in Addis Ababa ................................................................. 47 Daniel Megersa An overview of Economic, Religious and Social Aspects Of Khat: The Hararghe Experience ...............................................................................................................................65 Abdulmalik Abubaker Changing Trends in Culture of Khat Consumption in Ethiopia: A Multisite Ethnographic Portrayal ..........................................................................................................79 Ephrem Tesema Impact of khat on Health with Emphasis on Mental Health...........................................109 Solomon Teferra Khat and the Need for Legislative Reform in Ethiopia...................................................125 Selam Gebrehiwot and Birtukan Haile Developing Policy in Contested Space: Khat in Ethiopia...............................................143 Logan Cochrane and Girma Negash iii Acknowledgement This book is part of a larger project on khat funded by Civil Society Support Programme I (CSSP-I). The project had research, publication, conference and a documentary film components. We would like to express our gratitude to the CSSP I for the finacial, technical and administrative support they provided us. The Benishagul-Gumuz Development Association Network (BGDAN) and the Ethiopian Youth Network Harari Branch (EYNHB) deserve special thanks for their support and cooperation in the implementation of the project. We are also grateful to the reserachers who presented their work at the conference and all the partcipants of the conference. iv About FSS The Forum for Social Studies (FSS) is a non-government, non-profit institution engaged in conducting and sponsoring policy-oriented research and promoting informed public debate on a wide range of development issues. It was established in 1998 by a group of academics and CSO activists whose aim was to help deepen and broaden a democratic tradition of public debates. Its work is guided by the conviction that enhancing the public-government decision-makers interface on key social and economic issues can promote a transparent, participatory and all-inclusive policy- making and implementation process. Since its establishment, FSS has been engaged in policy research on a wide array of development issues, and has disseminated its findings to government decision makers, legislators and the wider public. It has organized a series of policy dialogues (workshops, seminars, panel discussions, etc.) around the themes of poverty; gender; higher education; inter-generational transfer of knowledge; good governance and democracy in Africa; culture and development; and climate change, environmental management and sustainable development in Ethiopia. As part of its research activity, FSS has published books and monographs on a wide range of development and policy issues. Its publications have been widely disseminated within the country and internationally. This book entitled Multiple Faces of Khat is a continuation of that tradition, and intended to examine the problem of khat from different perspectives in order to promote dialogue and constructive debate on the subject among different stakeholders. v Contributors Abdulmalik Abubaker is an assistant professor of law at Haramaya University. He earned his LLB from Addis Ababa University, LLM from Amsterdam Law School. He also obtained his PhD from the University of Alabama, U.S.A. Asnake Kefale has BA degree from Addis Ababa University in political science and MA degree in International Relations from the International University of Japan. He did his PhD at the University of Leiden. He has extensive published on various topics including federalism and decentralization, development and migration. Currently, he is an assistant professor of political science at Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia. Birtukan Haile is a lecturer at the school of law, Mekelle University with broad experience in teaching, research and community service. She earned her LL.B from Haramaya University, and LL.M in Law and Development from University of Warwick and Mekelle University joint program. Her main areas of research are access to justice, women's right and law and society. Daniel Megersa is an independent researcher and a registered and licensed senior expert pharmacist. He graduated from Addis Ababa University, School of Pharmacy. Currently he is working as Technical Adviser on MIFAS Medical and Scientific Group. His research interest includes social and recreational drugs, pharmaco-economics, pharmaceutical anthropology and social pharmacy. Ephrem Tesema did his BA degree in foreign language and literature and MA in Social Anthropology at Addis Ababa University and his PhD at the University of Basel, Switzerland. He served in different governmental and non-governmental institutions. His research contribution includes internal displacement and socio- cultural adaptation, khat value chain, culture of consumption, gender and inclusive agricultural value chain development. Currently, he is working at the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Addis Ababa, as researcher. Girma Negash earned his BA, MA and PhD degrees from Addis Ababa University in History. He did researches on various topics including rural agricultural transformation, value chain, khat, education and the youth. At present, he is serving as lecturer and researcher at the Department of History, Addis Ababa University. Hintsa Muruts has obtained BSc degree in Dryland forestry from Mekelle University and MSc from Hawassa University in Agroforestry and Soil Management. Currently, he is serving as lecturer, researcher and community service provider at Mekelle University. His research focuses mainly on biodiversity conservation and species selection in Agro forestry practices. Logan Cochrane has B.A. degree in Anthropology (University of Victoria), M.A. in Sustainable Development (Staffordshire) and a PhD in Interdisciplinary Studies (University of British Columbia). He served a Banting Fellow at Carleton University in Global and International Studies. His research covers diverse and broad thematic areas including food security, climate change, social justice, governance and collective action. Cochrane worked with non-governmental organizations in many developing countries in Africa and Asia and accumulated rich practical experiences. Selam Gebrehiwot is a lecturer at Mekelle University School of law. She has rich experience in teaching, research and community service. She also worked at Ethiopian Intellectual Property Office as Director of Intellectual Property Development. She has got her LL.B and her LL.M from Mekelle University. Solomon Teferra is an associate professor at the Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia. He is also a consultant psychiatrist and chief of psychiatry case team at Zewditu Memorial Hospital, Addis Ababa. Tilahun Tefera has obtained his BA degree in history from Bahir Dar University and MA and PhD in Social Anthropology from Addis Ababa University. Currently he is an assistant professor at Haramaya University. His research interest includes, environment, livelihoods and rural development. Yohannes Desta has got a BSc degree in Soil and Water Engineering and Management and MA degree in Tropical Land Resources Management from Mekelle University. Currently, he is a lecturer at the Department of Land Resource Management and Environmental Protection, Mekelle University. Zerihun Mohammed has BA and MA in history and social anthropology from Addis Ababa University. He also obtained his PhD from Cambridge University, UK, in Human Geography. He has research experience in various topics including social relations, livelihoods, resource management and migration. Currently, he is serving as a senior socio-economic researcher at the Forum for Social Studies (FSS), Ethiopia. ii Forward The Forum for Social Studies (FSS) is a non-government,