OPEN SCIENCE MONITOR STUDY ON OPEN SCIENCE: MONITORING TRENDS AND DRIVERS Reference: PP-05622-2017 D.2.4 Final report 13th of December 2019 Consortium The Lisbon Council partners: ESADE Business School Centre for Science and Technology Studies (CWTS) at Leiden University Subcontractor: Elsevier Table of Contents 1 Introduction........................................................................................................................................................... 5 1.1 Objectives ....................................................................................................................................................5 1.2 Scope ..............................................................................................................................................................7 1.3 Methodological approach ....................................................................................................................8 2 Overview of trends and indicators ............................................................................................................ 9 2.1 Open access to publications ...............................................................................................................9 2.2 Open research data .............................................................................................................................. 13 2.2.1 Researchers’ behaviour .......................................................................................................... 14 2.2.2 How data are shared ................................................................................................................ 14 2.2.3 Data ownership .......................................................................................................................... 16 2.2.4 Attitudes across disciplines ................................................................................................. 17 2.2.5 Data repositories ....................................................................................................................... 19 2.3 Open collaboration .............................................................................................................................. 20 3 Drivers and barriers ....................................................................................................................................... 23 3.1 Drivers ........................................................................................................................................................ 23 3.2 Barriers ...................................................................................................................................................... 30 4 Impact .................................................................................................................................................................... 34 4.1 Scientific impact .................................................................................................................................... 35 4.1.1 Cross analysis of cases ............................................................................................................ 36 4.1.2 Qualitative insight from cases ............................................................................................. 37 4.2 Industrial impact................................................................................................................................... 40 4.2.1 Cross analysis of cases ............................................................................................................ 42 4.2.2 Qualitative insights ................................................................................................................... 44 4.3 Societal impact ....................................................................................................................................... 49 4.3.1 Cross analysis of cases ............................................................................................................ 50 5 Policy analysis ................................................................................................................................................... 53 5.1 Statistical overview ............................................................................................................................. 53 5.1.1 Open access policies ................................................................................................................. 53 5.1.2 Open data policies ..................................................................................................................... 55 5.1.3 Other policies ............................................................................................................................... 57 5.2 In depth cross-analysis of policy cases...................................................................................... 58 5.2.1 Objectives ...................................................................................................................................... 58 5.2.2 Provisions ...................................................................................................................................... 59 5.2.3 Lessons learnt ............................................................................................................................. 61 6 Policy conclusions ........................................................................................................................................... 62 2 1.1. Conclusions on the future of open science .............................................................................. 62 1.2. Conclusions on the future of the Open Science Monitor .................................................. 63 7 References ........................................................................................................................................................... 67 List of Figures Figure 1: A conceptual model: an intervention logic approach .............................................................6 Figure 2: Percentage of open access publications ........................................................................................9 Figure 3: Percentage of open access publications by country. ............................................................ 11 Figure 4: Percentage of open access publications by Field of Science and Technology ........ 13 Figure 5: Have you published the research data that you used or created as part of your last research project in any of the following ways? ....................................................................... 14 Figure 6: Do you take steps to manage your research data and/or archive it for potential re-use by yourself and/or others? .......................................................................................................... 15 Figure 7: Have you done any of the following with any or all of the research data that you used or created as part of your last research project? ................................................................. 15 Figure 8: Categories of research data used in your last research project. .................................... 15 Figure 9: Research data formats used or created as part of your last research project ........ 16 Figure 10: What was the primary source of funding for your last research project? ............. 16 Figure 11: What was the primary source of funding for your last research project? ............. 17 Figure 12: Attitudes to data management by subject (I/II).................................................................. 17 Figure 13: Attitudes to data management by subject (II/II) ................................................................ 18 Figure 14: Attitudes to data management by region/age (I/II) ......................................................... 18 Figure 15: Attitudes to data management by region/age (II/II)........................................................ 19 Figure 16: Data repositories by subject .......................................................................................................... 19 Figure 17: Data repositories by type of access ............................................................................................ 19 Figure 18: Data repositories by country, blue bar indicate European countries ...................... 20 Figure 19: Number of scientific APIs ................................................................................................................ 21 Figure 20 & Figure 21: Open hardware projects ........................................................................................ 21 Figure 22: Projects in Scistarter by discipline ............................................................................................. 22 Figure 23: projects in Zooniverse by discipline .......................................................................................... 22 Figure 24: Drivers of sharing research data ................................................................................................. 25 Figure 25: How important were the following factors when deciding to use other’s research data? ................................................................................................................................................... 26 Figure 26: How would you describe the effort typically required to make your research data re-useable