website: https://dailysauce.000webhostapp.com/ facebook group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/415083995495758 2016 LET TUTORIAL CENTER General Education GENERAL EDUCATION English Fi lipino Mathematics Science Social Science 1 website: https://dailysauce.000webhostapp.com/ facebook group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/415083995495758 LET Reviewer-ENGLISH LECTURE NOTES MODELS OF COMMUNICATION The communication process is indeed a paradox. We always communicate with each other, yet defining the process itself seems to be a very difficult task. Language of different historical periods, in their dire attempts to bridge the gap, were able to formulate their own theories to explain the process of communication, Since the linear representation of Aristotle to the complex depiction of modern linguist, we can say that this endeavor has come a long way. Renowned linguist have different points of view about the communication process, and this diversity proves to be the fuel that keeps linguist of today on taking forward steps en route to the better understanding of this process. Two to be discussed in this chapter, each representing the traditional and the contemporary schools of thought as regards communication. Berio’s representation, being the most widely cited and extensively use model, will be discussed to explain in the basic components of the communication cycle, while the Dance Helix model will be clarified to give a fresh and novel perspective on the practice of other long-standing theories. Berios’Model David Berios’s paradigm of the communication process is considered one of the most recognizable representations. It has four major components: source, receiver, message, and the channel. That is why at times this model is also called SMRC. SOURCE MESSAGE COMMUNICATION SKILLS CONTENT ATTITUDES TREATMENT KNOWLEDGE CODE SOCIAL SYSTEM CULTURE RECEIVER CHANNEL COMMUNICATION SKILLS SEEING ATTITUDES HEARING KNOWLEDGE TOUCHING SOCIAL SYSTEM SMELLING CULTURE TASTING 2 website: https://dailysauce.000webhostapp.com/ facebook group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/415083995495758 SMRC’s linearity is oftentimes criticized, but Berio’s elucidations regarding the significance of each component redeem it all. According to him, the interlocutors’ ( source and receiver) , and attitude are communication skills, knowledge, socio-cultural system, and attitude are important for successful communication to take place ( Berio, 1960). For example, if the source has a higher level of language proficiency compared to the receiver, or vice versa, then problems are expected. Refer to the sample conversation below and then try, to figure out what caused the lapse in communication. Conversation Sample Setting: Jakarta International Airport Immigration Counter Situation: The immigration officer is interviewing a tourist about the latter’s whereabouts. Specifications : The immigration officer is a native speaker, while tourist is a beginner learning of English language. Immigration Officer : Good morning, Miss! May I know your travel itinerary? Tourist : Uhh….sory. What is that again? Immigration Officer : oh, I mean… where do you plan to go? Tourist: Oh, I see. Actually I plan to go to the Metropolitan Museum and to the Museum of Modern Art, and maybe stay for another two days in New York City before flying to Florida. Immigration officer: Okay. Welcome to America. Enjoy your vacation! In the sample conversation above, the difference between the proficiencies of the interlocutors led to lapses in communication. It is also noticeable that success of the process relies largely on the one who has higher proficiency. Since the tourist has limited vocabulary (being a beginner), the immigration officer paraphrased the statement to fit the level of the tourist. Discrepancy between knowledge of the interlocutors also poses great treat. Read the sample conversation below and try to cite some reasons for the communication breakdown. Conversation Sample Setting: Computer repair shop Situation: One client wants to have her laptop fixed. Specifications: Both the client and the technician have the same language of proficiency. Client : Good morning! May I ask why my laptop shouts down automatically just right after turning it on? Technician: Okay, let me see it. 3 website: https://dailysauce.000webhostapp.com/ facebook group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/415083995495758 Client: So what do you think? Technician: I think your laptop has been infected by Trojans and worms… Client: Huh? Trojans? Worms? Technician: Yes. By the way, do you do defragmentation every once in a while? Doing so greatly helps the performance of your computer. Client: Huh? What is that again? Defragment…what? Technician : Defragmentation. Anyway, to fix your laptop, I will just rebot and reformat everything, is that ok with you? Client: I am not really familiar with you are saying. So fix it and send me the Bill Ok? In conversation above, the technician uses jargon exclusive to those who are adept in the computers and information technology. For someone who is not really into the technicians of computer software and hardware nomenclature, understanding what the technician is saying poses great difficulty that can later on lead to communication breakdown. English Language Learning Learning the English language circles around the Three Sets of Four, and below is a table that summarizes these sets. MACRO SKILLS CUEING SYSTEMS COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCIES Learning Phonology Grammatical Speaking Morphology Discourse Reading Semantics Sociolinguistic Writing Syntax Strategic THE FOUR CUEING SYSTEMS CUEING SYSTEM Definition Phonology Pertains to the sounds of language Morphology Pertains to formation of words Types of morphemes V Bound morpheme ( dependent) V Free morpheme (independent) Semantics Pertains to meaning derivation Syntax Grammar, structure, and form of the language 4 website: https://dailysauce.000webhostapp.com/ facebook group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/415083995495758 LISTENING • Experts say that listening is the first language skill that students learn. If we are to think about it, this claim may be true. Upon hearing things, the one can speak-just like how we learned our first utterances. Parents keep on repeating words until the babies initiate and repeat the utterances successfully ( behaviorist). But is listening as easy as it may sound? The Listening Process Receiving Decoding Selecting Retaining Comprehending Interpreting Reacting Responding The receiving of the message from the source signals is the start of listening process. The listener, then, will decode the message and select important parts of the message that will help the listener in interpreting it. Based on the interpretation, the receiver now comprehends the message and retains information needed for him to react and respond. Kinds of Listening Interactional/ Emphatic Listening This type of listening is very common at times done in an informal setting. This happens when persons listen to each other for the purpose of communicating and empathizing. At times, the aim of this type of listening is to accomplish tasks or to come up with something. In classroom setting, this is when students listen to each other for them to able to accomplish given tasks and activities. 5 website: https://dailysauce.000webhostapp.com/ facebook group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/415083995495758 Transactional/Critical Listening In this type of listening, the listener is concerned with acquiring new knowledge for the purpose of improving his skill in generalizing and decision making. In a classroom setting, this is when the students listen to their teacher to gain more knowledge THREE MODELS OF LISTENING Joan Morely in her essay “Aural Comprehension, instruction: principles and Practices” made mention of the three modes of listening, namely: Undirectional, Birectional, and Autodirectional. Undirectional If the listener cannot respond to the things he/she heard Bidirectional If the listening process is reciprocal-meaning, two way ( indicated by prefix “bi”) Autodirectional If the listening process is reflexive-meaning, the speaker this is intrapersonal listening SPEAKING Language and language learning developed as fast as civilization. In the olden times, man used language merely for survival-now, language functions as one important medium of change and innovation. But the question still remains… what is language? Language was defined by Webster as the expression and communication of emotions or ides between human beings by means of speech and hearing that is systematized and confirmed by usage among a given people over a period of time. If we are to look a Webster’s definition can infer that there are only two functions of language. The first one is to express how one feels ( emotions); and the second one is to express how one thinks (ideas). He also mentioned two important factors of language speaking (speech) and listening (hearing). The two word systematized in Webster’s definition can also be related to grammar-meaning it follows certain rules and systems, and lastly, he also mentioned”period of time”, which can be interpreted as the changes language goes through with me. Webster’s definition is in line with the structurist’s. For them language follows a system-meaning, one cannot just mix letters to form words. X,Y, K, and D cannot be combined to form a meaningful word-well, at least in English. In the sentence” she is pretty,”it will be erroneous if one will change “is” to “are”. These instances are the bases of the structurist