The World Bank Study on Urban Transport Development Final Report August 2000 Study on Urban Transport Development—Final Report Acknowledgement ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This report was prepared based on a study funded by the Japan Consultant Trust Fund and implemented by the World Bank. It was conducted under the direction of a task team in the World Bank chaired by Kenneth M. Gwilliam and including Gerhard Menckoff. This team provided valuable assistance and comments during the study. The authors would also like to acknowledge Naota Ikeda of the Japanese Ministry of Transport and other members of the Japanese Advisory Committee headed by Professor Hitoshi Ieda. Their assistance in providing comments on earlier drafts has been particularly helpful. Finally, the authors wish to extend their gratitude to all the other individuals who kindly shared their valuable experience and insights during the study. The primary authors of this report were Chiaki Kuranami, Bruce P. Winston, Kenji Kimura, Christopher Rose, and Yoshiya Nakagawa of PADECO Co., Ltd. Critical support for data collection in the Republic of Korea was provided by Keeyeon Keith Hwang and Sang Kyu Hwang. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this report are entirely those of the authors and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, the Japanese Ministry of Transport, the Japanese Ministry of Construction, members of the Advisory Committee, or any of the other individuals mentioned above. i Study on Urban Transport Development—Final Report Table of Contents STUDY ON URBAN TRANSPORT DEVELOPMENT FINAL REPORT TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgement Table of Contents Abbreviations and Acronyms Currency Equivalents 1. Summary of Main Issues and Lessons Learned............................................................. 1-1 A. Introduction .......................................................................................................... 1-1 B. Whether Urban Rail is Essential for Efficient Transport in Large Cites.............. 1-3 C. Utilizing Bus Rapid Transit (or LRT) for Small to Medium Demand Corridors............................................................................................................... 1-5 D. Importance of Integrating Urban Development and Land Use Control............... 1-6 E. Applicability of the Japanese Model of Integrated Urban Rail/Land Development to Developing Countries ................................................................ 1-7 F. Timing of Urban Rail Investments: Better Early than Never............................. 1-10 G. Importance of Traffic Demand Management ..................................................... 1-12 H. Importance of Network and Modal Integration.................................................. 1-13 I. Financing Mass Rapid Transit Development ..................................................... 1-15 J. How Administrative and Institutional Lessons Relate to Urban Transport ....... 1-17 K. Whether Urban Transport in Developing Countries is Unfair to the Poor......... 1-19 L. Need for Motor Vehicle Safety and Environmental Measures........................... 1-20 PART 1: CASE STUDIES 2. Tokyo: Rail-Oriented Metropolitan Growth .................................................................. 2-1 A. City Background................................................................................................... 2-1 B. Major Urban Transport System Developments .................................................... 2-2 C. Issues and Lessons................................................................................................ 2-7 D. Sources ............................................................................................................... 2-13 3. Kobe: The Municipal Government Acting Like a Private Developer ........................... 3-1 A. City Background................................................................................................... 3-1 B. Major Urban Transport System Developments .................................................... 3-1 C. Issues and Lessons................................................................................................ 3-5 D. Sources ................................................................................................................. 3-7 4. Nagoya: Experimenting with Bus Rapid Transit ........................................................... 4-1 A. City Background................................................................................................... 4-1 B. Major Urban Transport System Developments .................................................... 4-1 C. Issues and Lessons................................................................................................ 4-5 D. Sources ................................................................................................................. 4-6 ii Study on Urban Transport Development—Final Report Table of Contents 5. Hamamatsu: Revitalizing Bus Transit ........................................................................... 5-1 A. City Background................................................................................................... 5-1 B. Major Urban Transport System Developments .................................................... 5-1 C. Issues and Lessons................................................................................................ 5-4 D. Sources ................................................................................................................. 5-5 6. Bangkok: Slow Progress in Constructing Rail Mass Transit......................................... 6-1 A. City Background................................................................................................... 6-1 B. Major Urban Transport System Developments .................................................... 6-2 C. Issues and Lessons................................................................................................ 6-8 D. Sources ............................................................................................................... 6-13 7. Metro Manila: Tackling Traffic Congestion with Elevated Light Rail.......................... 7-1 A. City Background................................................................................................... 7-1 B. Major Urban Transport System Developments .................................................... 7-1 C. Issues and Lessons................................................................................................ 7-8 D. Sources ............................................................................................................... 7-13 8. Seoul: Congestion Pricing and Taxation to Restrain Car Use ....................................... 8-1 A. City Background................................................................................................... 8-1 B. Major Urban Transport System Developments .................................................... 8-1 C. Issues and Lessons................................................................................................ 8-7 D. Sources ................................................................................................................. 8-9 9. Singapore: Integrated Transport and Decentralized Development................................ 9-1 A. City Background................................................................................................... 9-1 B. Major Urban Transport System Developments .................................................... 9-1 C. Issues and Lessons................................................................................................ 9-6 D. Sources ................................................................................................................. 9-9 10. Taipei: Integrating Transport with Urban Redevelopment .......................................... 10-1 A. City Background................................................................................................. 10-1 B. Major Urban Transport System Developments .................................................. 10-1 C. Issues and Lessons.............................................................................................. 10-5 D. Sources ............................................................................................................... 10-7 PART 2: ANALYSIS OF SPECIFIC ISSUES 11. Financing Urban Transport .......................................................................................... 11-1 A. Overview ............................................................................................................ 11-1 B. Public Finance for the Construction of Transport Infrastructure ....................... 11-1 C. Public Finance for Transport Operations............................................................ 11-4 D. Private Sector Role in Financing Public Transport ............................................ 11-6 E. Conclusion.......................................................................................................... 11-8 F. Sources ............................................................................................................. 11-11 iii Study on Urban Transport Development—Final Report Table of Contents 12. Administration and Institutions Issues in Developing Counties.................................. 12-1 A. Overview of Chapter .........................................................................................