THE DEVELOPMENT OF IGAD AS A DISTINCTIVELY AFRICAN REGIONAL SECURITY COMMUNITY FOR THE HORN OF AFRICA WITH CASE STUDIES OF SOUTH SUDAN AND SOMALIA. by Stephen Gatkak Chan A thesis submitted for the Master of Philosophy School of Social Sciences, Department of Politics and International Relations, University of Adelaide June, 2019 TABLE OF CONTENTS: List of Acronyms iii Abstract vi Acknowledgements vii Thesis Declaration viii Introduction 1 Chapter 1: Security community theory, regionalism and Africa 5 Chapter 2: Africa’s regional security architecture - The AU & IGAD and the Sudanese 19 conflict Chapter 3: Case study- IGAD and the Sudanese conflict: the CPA negotiations 34 Chapter 4: Case study- South Sudan (IGAD and the present conflict) 49 Chapter 5: Case study- IGAD and the Somalia peace process (parts 1 and 2) 64 Chapter 6: Future directions and challenges for IGAD as a RSC for the 86 Horn of Africa Conclusion: 100 Bibliography: 103 ii LIST OF ACRONYMS ACOTA: African Contingency Training Program ACRI: African Crisis Response Initiative ARCSS: Agreement on the Resolution of Conflict in the Republic of South Sudan AFRICOM/USAFRICOM: United States Africa Command AMISOM: African Union Mission to Somalia APRCT: Alliance for the Restoration of Peace and Counter-Terrorism (Somalia) APSA: African Peace and Security Architecture ARS: Alliance for the Re-Liberation of Somalia ASEAN: Association of South East Asian Nations. ATT: Arms Trade Treaty AU: African Union AUCEWS: African Union Continental Early Warning System AUPSC: African Union Peace and Security Council CAN: Civil Authority for New Sudan CEWARN: Conflict Early Warning Mechanism COMESA: Common Market for East and Southern Africa CPA: Comprehensive Peace Agreement CGPS: Contact Group on Piracy off the Coast of Somalia CJTF-HOA: US Led Combined Task Force of Africa. CTFISO: US Combined Task Force CTRH: Commission for Truth and Healing (South Sudan) DDR: Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration DOP: Declaration of Principles ECCAS: Economic Community for Central African States ECOWAS: Economic Community of West African States EPPF: Ethiopian Peoples Patriotic Front EU: European Union EUNAVOR: EU Naval Force-Somalia-Operation Atalanta EUTM: European Training Mission FD: Former Detainees FOCAC: China African Cooperative Partnership on Peace and Security GONU: Government of National Unity GOS: Government of Sudan iii GOSS: Government of South Sudan ICC: International Criminal Court ICG: International Crisis Group ICG Somali: International Contact Group Somalia ICPATP: IGAD Capacity Building Program against Terrorism IGAD: Intergovernmental Authority on Development IGADD: Intergovernmental Authority on Drought and Development IMF: International Monetary Fund IPF: International Partners Forum IPPS: IGAD Peace and Security Strategy IPU: IGAD Inter-Parliamentary Union IR: International Relations. JAM: Joint Assessment Mission JMEC: Joint Monitoring and Evaluation Commission MDTF: Multi-Donor Trust Fund MSCHOA: Maritime Security Centre Horn of Africa MVV : Monitoring and Verification Team NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organisation NCP: National Congress Party NCDDRC: National Council for DDR Co-ordination: Sudan NEC: National Executive Council (SPLM/A) NIF: National Islamic Front NLC: National Liberation Council (SPLM/A) NSDDRC: North Sudan DDR Commission NUP/DUP: National Unionist Party/Democratic Unionist Party OAS: Organisation of American States OAU: Organisation of African Unity. OLF: Oromo Liberation Front ONLF: Ogden National Liberation Front OPP: Other Political Parties OSCE: Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe R2P: Responsibility to Protect R-ARCSS: Revitalised Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in the Republic of South Sudan REC: Regional Economic Communities iv RJMEC: Reconstituted Joint Monitoring and Evaluation Commission RSC: Regional Security Community SADC: Southern African Development Community SANU: Sudan African National Union SALW : Small Arms and Light Weapons SSDM/A: South Sudan Democratic Movement SSIM: South Sudan Independence Movement SPLM/A: South Sudanese Liberation Movement/Army SPLM – IO: South Sudanese Liberation Movement in Opposition SSDDRC: South Sudan DDR Commission SSM: South Sudan Movement SSNF: Somalia Security Forces SSOA: South Sudanese Alliance SSR: Security Sector Reform TBC: Technical Boundaries Commission TFG: Transitional Federal Government (Somalia) TNG: Transitional National Government (Somalia) UIC: Union of Islamic Courts UK: United Kingdom UMA: Arab Magreb Union (Union de Magreb Arabe) UN: United Nations UNIMISS: United Nations Mission to South Sudan UNISOM: United Nations Mission to Somalia UNITAF: United Nations Taskforce to Somalia (led by US) UNSC: United Nations Security Council US/USA: United States of America USSR: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics v ABSTRACT This thesis analyses the development of the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) as a distinctively African regional security community for the Horn of Africa. It does so by offering a qualitative study of the successes and challenges of IGAD’s involvement in the peace process in South Sudan and Somalia. Drawing on insights from Karl Deutsch’s theory of security communities, the thesis argues that IGAD’s members have developed their own common norms, values and identities including the shared experiences of colonialism, post-colonialism, the Cold War, post-Cold War and pan-Africanism. IGAD has also developed a distinctive hybrid of both traditional western negotiation techniques combined with African conflict resolution techniques, such as Ubuntu in its peace negotiations. While IGAD has had to contend with mutual interference prevalent in this region both during and post-Cold War, it has also received considerable support from international partners in its search to bring peace and security to the Horn of Africa. While traditional security community studies have concentrated on Europe, Asia and even Central America, it is evident there has been a general neglect of scholarly research on regional security communities in Africa. Constructivist scholars who further developed Deutsch’s theory and explored regional security communities beyond Europe have argued that Africa, with its instability and weak states, does not conform to security community theory and therefore does not warrant close analysis using this theory. This thesis aims to address this neglect of Africa, in particular the Horn of Africa, through its close examination of IGAD as the region’s designated RSC in case studies of South Sudan and Somalia. This thesis will also argue that there has also been a considerable and successful development of the entire African peace and security architecture under the AU and its designated regional security community in the Horn of Africa, IGAD. IGAD, in particular, now acts as the region’s designated RSC as recognised by both the United Nations and the African Union under their respective charters. IGAD, as the case studies show, is now playing the major role as the Horn of Africa’s regional security community in regional conflicts and peace, and security negotiations in this conflict prone and volatile region of Africa. vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to sincerely thank both my principal supervisor (Timothy Doyle) and my co- supervisor (Priya Chacko). They have offered me invaluable advice, support and direction with both my research and the thesis which has been much appreciated. I thank Dr Diane Brown for copy editing the thesis in accordance with the IPED/ACGR National Guidelines. vii I THESIS DECLARATION I certify that this work contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma in my name, in any university or othertertiary institution hnd, to the best of my knowledge and belief, contains no materials previously published or written by another person, except where due reference has been made in the text. In addition,I certifr that no part of this work, wil1, in the future, be used in a submission in my name, for any other degree or diploma in any uniLversity or other tertiny institution without the prior approval of the University of Adelaide and where applicable, any partner institution responsible for the joint-award of this degree. I give permission for the digital version of my thesis to be made available on the web, via the University's digital research repository, the Library search and also through web search engines, unless permission has been granted by the University to restrict access for a period of time. I acknowledge the support I have received for my research tlrough the provision of an Australian Govemment Research Training Program Scholarship. vill INTRODUCTION This thesis argues that IGAD has indeed developed into a successful and distinctively African regional security community for the Horn of Africa. While IGAD does not conform to the classic Deutschian theory of security communities of shared liberal democratic values,1 its members do share other binding norms, values and identities including the shared experiences of colonialism, post-colonialism, the Cold War, post-Cold War and pan-Africanism.2 Constructivist scholars such as Barry Buzan and Ole Waever have argued that Africa with its instability and weak states, does not confirm to security community theory. They note, ‘the level of security interaction in Africa has been too low and too local to sustain well-developed regionals RSCs of the type commonly found elsewhere in the international system’.3This