Not What Meets the Eye: Re-examining reconstruction in postwar Bosnia and Herzegovina Kathleen Walker Kemezis A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Architecture University of Washington 2012 Committee: Brian McLaren, Chair Jeffrey Karl Ochsner Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Architecture This thesis is dedicated to my father Paul Kemezis and my brother Devin Galligan in loving memory. These great men taught me the power of an insatiable curiosity, an intrepid heart, and a good joke. 1 Not What Meets the Eye: Re-Examining Reconstruction in Postwar Bosnia and Herzegovina Table of Contents List of Illustrations .......................................................................................................................... 3 Preface............................................................................................................................................. 5 Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................... 6 Chapter 1: Introduction- Archaeological Reconstruction: Past, Present, Future ............................ 7 Chapter 2: The Balance of Power in Archaeological Reconstruction .......................................... 29 Chapter 3: Reconstruction and the Reality of Return ................................................................... 54 Chapter 4: The Digital Potential of Reconstruction Projects ........................................................ 81 Chapter 5: Conclusion................................................................................................................. 107 Figures......................................................................................................................................... 112 Appendix A: GFAP Annex 7: Agreement on Refugees and Displaced Persons ........................ 150 Appendix B: GFAP Annex 8: Agreement on Commission to Preserve National Monuments .. 156 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................... 159 2 List of Illustrations 1.1 Political map of post-Yugoslavia Balkans …………………………………………………. 113 1.2 Political map of present day Bosnia and Herzegovina …………………………………….. 113 1.3 Signing of the General Framework Agreement of Peace in Paris, December 14, 1995 …… 114 1.4 Table of the number of Islamic religious buildings destroyed in Bosnia 1992-1995 ……… 114 1.5 Ferhadija Mosque in Banja Luka, 1982 ……………………………………………………. 115 1.6 Plan, cross-section, and inscriptions of Ferhadija Mosque ………………………………… 115 1.7 Plans of domed mosques in Bosnia and Herzegovina ……………………………………... 116 1.8 Damage from 1993 attack on Ferhadija Mosque …………………………………………... 116 1.9 Buses burning after mob response to cornerstone ceremony, May 2001…………………... 117 1.10 Entrance to construction site of Ferhadija Mosque as of August 2011 ……………………. 117 2.1 Political map of Germany …………………………………………………………………. 118 2.2 Map of downtown Dresden ………………………………………………………………... 118 2.3 Drawing of Frauenkirche by Canaletto ……………………………………………………. 119 2.4 Frauenkirche circa 1936 …………………………………………………………………… 119 2.5 Target lights falling on Dresden before 1945 air raid ……………………………………… 120 2.6 Central Dresden circa 1955 with Frauenkirche ruins ……………………………………… 120 2.7 Candle light vigil at the Frauenkirche ruins ……………………………………………….. 121 2.8 Chancellor Helmet Kohl giving speech in liberated East Germany at Frauenkirche ruins .. 121 2.9 Reconstructed Frauenkirche ……………………………………………………………...... 122 2.10 Detail of original material used in reconstructed Frauenkirche……………………………. 122 2.11 Map of Mostar ……………………………………………………………………………... 123 2.12 Hungarian SFOR engineers lift stones from the Stari Most out of the Neretva River ……. 124 2.13 Staging for the salvage operation of the Stari Most ………………………………………... 124 2.14 Temporary bridge over Neretva River ……………………………………………………... 125 2.15 Temporary bridge besides the reconstruction of the original stone bridge ………………… 125 2.16 Completed reconstructed Stari Most ………………………………………………………. 126 2.17 Reconstructed Stari Most compared to photograph of original bridge ……………………. 126 2.18 Director of UNESCO Koichiro Matsuura poses with reconstructed Stari Most …………... 127 2.19 World Bank President James Wolfensohn and Mayor of Mostar, Hamdija Jahic pose with reconstructed Stari Most …………………………………………………………………… 127 2.20 Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan and his wife Emine pose with reconstructed Stari Most …………………………………………………………………… 127 2.21 Britain’s Prince Charles walking in the Stari Grad during opening ceremony ……………. 127 2.22 Local vendor sells rug with Stari Most image ……………………………………………... 128 2.23 Vender sells model of Stari Most as a souvenir …………………………………………… 128 2.24 Site of Ferhadija Mosque in 2002 ………………………………………………………….. 129 2.25 Site of Ferhadija Mosque in 2011 ………………………………………………………….. 129 2.26 American ambassador visits Ferhadija Mosque site ……………………………………….. 130 2.27 Austrian tourist group visiting Ferhadija Mosque site …………………………………….. 130 2,28 Signboard promoting UNESCO as an investor of the reconstruction project ……………... 130 3.1 Map of political geography of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1991 ………………………….. 131 3.2 Map of political geography of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 2000 ………………………….. 132 3.3 Map of Intra-Entity political divisions …………………………………………………….. 133 3.4 Čaršija Mosque in Stolac …………………………………………………………………... 134 3.5 Empty lot after Čaršija Mosque destroyed in Bosnian War ……………………………….. 134 3.6 Reconstructed Čaršija Mosque …………………………………………………………….. 134 3.7 Aladža Mosque in Foča circa 1980 ………………………………………………………… 135 3.8 Empty site of Aladža Mosque in 1996 …………………………………………………….. 135 3 3.9 Map of Banja Luka ………………………………………………………………………… 136 3.10 Buses burning after mob response to cornerstone ceremony, May 2001 ………………….. 136 3.11 Gazanferija Mosque in Banja Luka ………………………………………………………... 137 3.12 Two symmetrical mausolea of the Gazanferija Mosque survived the war ………………… 137 3.13 Reconstructed Gazanferija Mosque in 2011 ………………………………………………. 137 3.14 Arnaudija Mosque in Banja Luka ………………………………………………………….. 138 3.15 Site of destroyed Arnaudija Mosque remains empty in 2011 ……………………………… 138 3.16 Tourist map of Banja Luka distributed by the official city tourist office ………………….. 139 4.1 Entry portal of the Ferhadija 1579 website ………………………………………………... 140 4.2 Home page of the Bosnian side of Ferhadija 1579 ………………………………………... 140 4.3 Detail of the home page of Ferhadija 1579 ………………………………………………... 140 4.4 Theater of the photographic archive of Ferhadija 1579 …………………………………… 141 4.5 Photograph 958 of Ramici album ………………………………………………………….. 141 4.6 Photograph 959 of Ramici album ………………………………………………………….. 141 4.7 Photograph 78 of Ramici album …………………………………………………………… 142 4.8 Photograph 951 of Ramici album ………………………………………………………….. 142 4.9 Photograph 957 of Ramici album ………………………………………………………….. 142 4.10 Photograph 1004 of Ramici album ………………………………………………………… 143 4.11 Photograph 1001 of Ramici album ………………………………………………………… 143 4.12 Photograph 1002 of Ramici album ………………………………………………………… 143 4.13 Photograph 83 of Ramici album …………………………………………………………… 144 4.14 Photograph 969 of Ramici album ………………………………………………………….. 144 4.15 Photograph 79 of Ramici album …………………………………………………………… 144 4.16 Photograph 1006 of Ramici album ………………………………………………………… 145 4.17 Photograph 1003 of Ramici album ………………………………………………………… 145 4.18 Photograph 82 of Ramici album …………………………………………………………… 145 4.19 Postcard of Ferhadija Mosque, 1908 ………………………………………………………. 146 4.20 Postcard of Ferhadija Mosque, 1910 ………………………………………………………. 146 4.21 Postcard of Ferhadija Mosque, 1940 ………………………………………………………. 146 4.22 Postcard of šadrvan or foundation of the Ferhadija Mosque, 1910 ………………………... 146 4.23 Postcard of šadrvan or foundation of the Ferhadija Mosque, 1910 ………………………... 146 4.24 Postcard of Ferhadija Mosque, 1929 ………………………………………………………. 146 4.25 Postcard of Church of Holy Trinity, 1929 …………………………………………………. 147 4.26 Postcard of Church of Holy Trinity, 1929 …………………………………………………. 147 4.27 Postcard of Church of Holy Trinity, 1934 …………………………………………………. 147 4.28 Postcard of Church of Holy Trinity and central plaza, 1929 ………………………………. 147 4.29 Postcard of Church of Holy Trinity and central plaza, 1929 ………………………………. 147 4.30 Postcard of Church of Holy Trinity and Ban’s Palace, 1929 ………………………………. 147 4.31 Postcard of Church of Holy Trinity and Palace Administration, 1934 …………………….. 147 4.32 Portal of Virtualno Sarajevo ……………………………………………………………….. 148 4.33 3D interactive reconstruction of Sarajevo Synagogue in Virtualno Sarajevo ……………... 148 4.34 Still of “Tools of Survival” virtual exhibit ………………………………………………… 149 4.35 Multimedia options for exploring “Tools of survival” …………………………………….. 149 4 Preface In the middle of this research, I was fortunate enough to visit the Ferhadija Mosque reconstruction project in Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The short time I spent in the city and on the site revealed the distance I unwittingly experienced as a researcher in the United States. Before the visit, the project could only be another case study about a wayward community trying to resurrect their destroyed monument through reconstruction. However, after speaking to members of the project and touching the recovered historic stones, I could not help but feel pride and respect for the efforts of the project. Upon returning to Seattle, I realized that finishing this thesis now