This item was submitted to Loughborough University as a PhD thesis by the author and is made available in the Institutional Repository (https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/) under the following Creative Commons Licence conditions. For the full text of this licence, please go to: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/ An evaluation of the sub-regional legacy/ impacts of the London 2012 Olympic Games in a non-hosting sub-region: a case study of Leicestershire by Shushu Chen A Doctoral Thesis Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of The degree of PhD of Loughborough University 30 September 2013 © by Shushu Chen 2013 Acknowledgement Working on the PhD has been a wonderful and unforgettable experience. I am indebted to many people for making the time working on this research project. First of all, I would like to express my deepest grateful to my supervisor, Professor Ian Henry. To work with him has been a real pleasure and honour to me. His extensive experience in the field and a wide breadth of general knowledge have guided me throughout the PhD and made this overwhelming journey easier. He has always been patient and encouraging in times of new ideas and difficulties. Importantly, his integrity, modesty, and hard work really set an example. Above all, his sincere care and support made me feel like a friend and family, which I appreciate from my heart. In addition, I am very grateful to my examiners Professor Barrie Houlihan, Dr Mahfoud Amara, Dr Dikaia Chatziefstathiou, for insightful comments in this thesis and for many motivating discussion with my work. Furthermore, I gratefully acknowledge the funding sources that made my PhD project possible: Loughborough University, Inspire Leicestershire, Leicester-Shire & Rutland Sport, and East Midland Children and Young People Legacy. In particular, I would like to express my very great appreciation to Shimul Haider, John Byrne, and Gaynor Nash for their valuable and constructive suggestions and endless support throughout this research work. My dearest thanks also give to the Leicestershire 2012 Legacy Steering Group and the staff of the following organisations for their assistance with the collection of my data: Inspire Leicestershire, Leicester-Shire & Rutland Sport, and the East Midlands Development Agency. I am also very grateful for the people who have voluntary participated in this research project. I have been very privilege to get to know and to work with many other great people in my school. In particular, I am very grateful to some lovely girls who became faithful friends over the last few years: Marie Therese, Mena, Kyungsu, Pippa, and Joanne. I am grateful for the time we spent together at Martin Hall, at Toby Carvery, at the office, at the girls’ houses, and so on. I am very appreciate to their support and encouragement not only to my research but also to my personal life. Finally, I would like to thank my mum and husband - for my mum who raised me with her sacrifice and unconditional love; for my husband whose patience, love and encouragement have made a strong backing when times are rough. Mostly, I thank my beloved dad, who supported me in all my pursuits and motivated me to conquer a PhD degree in the first place. Although he could not be here with me, his inculcation always lingers around my ears, like he had never left me. To my dad, love him forever. Chapter 1 Introduction Table of Contents Acknowledgement ............................................................................................... 2 Table of Contents ................................................................................................ 1 List of Figures ...................................................................................................... 6 List of Tables ....................................................................................................... 8 Abstract .............................................................................................................. 11 Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................. 12 1.1 Defining key terms: ‘Olympic legacy’ and ‘Olympic impact’ ................................. 12 1.2 Analysing Olympic legacy / impacts on a non-hosting sub-region: the research context .................................................................................................................................. 14 1.3 The scope of the research project and the thesis ....................................................... 18 1.4 Research aims and general principles of the evaluation ........................................... 19 1.5 Thesis structure ......................................................................................................... 20 Chapter 2: The Policy Context of the London 2012 Games in the UK and Leicestershire ..................................................................................................... 23 2.1 A context description of the London 2012 Games .................................................... 23 2.2 Sport participation legacy.......................................................................................... 27 2.2.1 National and sub-regional legacy strategy for sport participation ..................... 27 2.2.2 Leicestershire sport participation legacy initiatives ........................................... 28 2.3 Children and young people legacy ............................................................................ 30 2.3.1 National and regional legacy strategy for children and young people............... 30 2.3.2 Leicestershire children and young people legacy initiatives ............................. 31 2.4 Volunteering legacy .................................................................................................. 33 2.4.1 National and sub-regional legacy strategy for volunteering .............................. 33 2.4.2 Leicestershire volunteering legacy initiatives .................................................... 34 2.5 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 35 1 Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 3: Theoretical Framework .............................................................. 37 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 37 3.2 Evaluation.................................................................................................................. 38 3.2.1 Background and history of evaluation ............................................................... 38 3.2.2 Description of four ‘paradigmatic’ choices in evaluation methodology ........... 41 3.3 Meta-evaluation ......................................................................................................... 54 3.3.1 The application of meta-evaluation ................................................................... 55 3.3.2 Meta-evaluation, evaluation synthesis and meta-analysis: concept and differences ........................................................................................................................ 59 3.3.3 Strengths and limitations of meta-evaluation .................................................... 59 3.4 Additionality and related concepts in the assessment of impact ............................... 61 3.4.1 Different types of additionality .......................................................................... 62 3.4.2 Measuring additionality ..................................................................................... 64 3.4.3 The importance and issues of assessing the additionality .................................. 67 3.5 Logic models ............................................................................................................. 68 3.6 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 72 Chapter 4: A Systematic Review of the Literature (1996-2011) on the Subject of Olympic Legacy .............................................................................. 73 4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 73 4.2 Systematic review methodology ............................................................................... 73 4.2.1 What is a systematic review? ............................................................................. 74 4.2.2 Reasons and limitations of conducting a systematic review .............................. 75 4.2.3 The systematic review process........................................................................... 77 4.3 Descriptive and thematic analysis ............................................................................. 84 4.3.1 Urban regeneration............................................................................................. 84 4.3.2 Volunteering ...................................................................................................... 87 4.3.3 The social impacts of the Olympic Games ........................................................ 95 4.3.4 Economic impact ............................................................................................. 106 2 Chapter 1 Introduction 4.3.5 Tourism ............................................................................................................ 122 4.3.6 Sport participation ...........................................................................................