View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by ScholarSpace at University of Hawai'i at Manoa CProhrysodeixisCeedings oferiosoma the hawaiian in sweetpotato entomologi in HCalawaii soC iety (2018) 50:43–53 43 Catch of the Adult Green Garden Looper, Chrysodeixis eriosoma (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), in Sweetpotato Fields in Hawaii Grant T. McQuate and Charmaine D. Sylva USDA-ARS, Daniel K. Inouye U.S. Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center, 64 Nowelo Street, Hilo, HI 96720 Abstract. Sweetpotato, Ipomoea batatus (L.) Lamarck, one of the top ten staple crops produced worldwide, was the top volume-producing vegetable crop in Hawaii in 2017. While conducting research on sweetpotato pests in Hawaii, we discovered that the green garden looper, Chrysodeixis eriosoma (Doubleday), was present in sweetpotato fields in Hawaii and we had recurrent non-target catch in traps baited with a binary pheromone lure for the sweetpotato vine borer, Omphisa anastomosalis Guenée. The green garden looper caterpillar is a generalist feeder that has the potential to damage a range of both vegetable and ornamental crops in Hawaii. Herein we report on the non-target catch of C. eriosoma, including documenting the effect of spatial trap location and trap height on trap catch. We also demonstrate that a commercially available lure formulated for C. chalcites is an effective detection/monitoring tool for C. eriosoma in Hawaii, as had previ- ously been demonstrated in New Zealand. Key Words: Omphisa anastomosalis, non-target catch, Ipomoea batatas Sweetpotato, Ipomoea batatas (L.) found to have both Type 1 and Type Lamarck, is one of the top ten staple crops 2 sex pheromone components. Type 1 produced worldwide, trailing only corn, components are straight chain fatty al- rice, wheat, potatoes, cassava, and barley cohols and their derivatives, while Type (FAO 2018). Sweetpotato was the top 2 components consist of polyunsaturated volume-producing vegetable crop in Ha- hydrocarbons and their epoxy derivatives waii in 2017, with an estimated production (Vang et al. 2018). Wakamura et al. (2010) of 2.80 million kg (USDA-NASS 2018). identified (10E,14E)-10,14-hexadecadienal Sweetpotato, though, is subject to a wide (E10,E14-16:Ald) as the major sex phero- range of insect pests. It has been reported mone component for the sweetpotato that 270 insect and 17 mite species have vine borer which was later classified as been listed as pests of sweetpotato in the a Type 1 pheromone component (Yan et field and in storage around the world (So- al. 2014). Working with field sweetpotato renson 2009). We have been conducting vine borer populations in Vietnam, Yan et research on insect pests of sweetpotato al. (2014) subsequently identified a Type in Hawaii, with recent emphasis on the 2 sex pheromone component ([3Z,6Z,9Z]- chemical ecology of the sweetpotato vine 3,6,9-tricosatriene [Z3,Z6,Z9-23:H]) borer, Omphisa anastomosalis Guenée which synergized the attractiveness of (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Crambids are the initially identified Type 1 compound. in the superfamily Pyraloidea in which We tested whether this binary attractant a number of species have been recently (E10,E14-16:Ald + Z3,Z6,Z9-23:H) was 44 McQuate and sylva Figure 1. Adult Chrysodeixis eriosoma shown at rest, with wings folded over the back like a tent. Photo by GTM. similarly effective with sweetpotato vine the western Palaearctic (Benn et al. 1982, borer populations in Hawaii (McQuate Roberts 1979). Use of geographic range, et al. 2019). In the course of our field DNA and pheromones are reported to be trials, we had recurrent non-target catch needed for the differentiation of the two of the green garden looper, Chrysodeixis species (Lafontaine and Schmidt 2013). eriosoma (Doubleday) (Lepidoptera: Noc- Mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase tuidae) (Figure 1). There has been some I (COI) data taken from a moth in Hawaii uncertainty about this moth species in matched with C. eriosoma which has sup- Hawaii. It was first reported from Hawaii ported the proposal that the species pres- by Butler (1877) as Plusia verticillata? ent in Hawaii is C. eriosoma (N. B. Barr, Guénée (“It closely approaches P. preca- personal communication). Interceptions of tionis, from N. America, and P. eriosoma, individuals, originating in Hawaii, identi- from New Zealand”), which was listed fied as eitherC. eriosoma or C. chalcites, as a synonym of Plusia (Autographa) are considered to be C. eriosoma (Passoa chalcites (Esper) by Zimmerman (1958). 2007). Although sweetpotato has been In the revision by Kostrowicki (1961) of listed as a host of larval C. eriosoma the Plusiinae subfamily of the family Noc- (Mau and Kessing 1991, Roberts 1979), tuidae, the genus name Chrysodeixis was there seems to be no concern at present reinstated and the species was divided into for it adversely impacting sweetpotato root two: C. eriosoma Doubleday, established production in Hawaii. It is, though, good in Australasia and the Pacific; and C. to document its presence in sweetpotato chalcites Esper, established in Africa and fields in Hawaii and report on a means of Chrysodeixis eriosoma in sweetpotato in Hawaii 45 trapping to detect and monitor this pest as effect of trap height and trap spatial loca- it is a generalist feeder. It has the poten- tion on trap catch. We, also, report here on tial to damage a range of both vegetable the non-target C. eriosoma catch in these (including basil [Ocimum basilicum L.], trials because it adds to the knowledge corn [Zea mays L.], eggplant [Solanum of the spatial distribution of this species. melongena L.], green beans [Phaseolus Finally, we, also, report on C. eriosoma vulgaris L.], peas [Pisum sativum L.] and male response to commercially available tomato [Solanum lycopericum L.]) and C. chalcites lure. Our results document ornamental (Aglaonema spp., Chrysan- the potential for use of this lure to detect themum spp., Ficus spp., Syngonium spp., and monitor C. eriosoma populations in ti plant [Cordyline fruticosa (L.) A. Chev.], sweetpotato, as well as in any of the other and orchids [Orchidaceae]) crops in Ha- crops in Hawaii that may be subject to waii (Mau and Kessing 1991). Damage by attack by C. eriosoma. C. eriosoma is caused by the caterpillar stage. Young caterpillars consume only Materials and Methods one side of a leaf, leaving the opposite epi- Attractants (lures). The male lure for dermis. With increasing age, caterpillars Chrysodeixis chalcites was obtained from will eat holes through the leaves. Older ISCA Technologies, Inc. (Riverside, CA) caterpillars can also feed from the margin (Item # IT055 – Green garden looper). It of the leaf. There have also been reports should, though, be noted that the common that caterpillars may feed on flowers and name, “green garden looper,” has been fruits (Mau and Kessing 1991, Zimmer- assigned to C. eriosoma in the Entomologi- man 1958). Sex pheromones, produced cal Society of America Common Names by female moths, have been identified for of Insects database [ESA 2018]). ISCA both C. chalcites and C. eriosoma. Wind Technologies lists the field life of this lure tunnel studies by Dunkelblum et al. (1987) as 4 – 8 weeks, depending on environmen- showed that compounds released from the tal conditions. The binary male lure for female sex pheromone glands of Chryso- the sweetpotato vine borer (SPVB) was deixis chalcites elicit both directed flights obtained from Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., and copulation attempts, at the end of the Ltd., (Tokyo, Japan) (Type 1 component) flights, by males. The sex pheromone and from Pherobank BV, (Duurstede, The components of the two species contain Netherlands) (Type 2 component). The type essentially the same compounds, but in 1 component was [E10,E14)-10,14-hexa- different proportions (Benn et al. 1982). decadienal (E10,E14-16:Ald) and was of For population monitoring of C. eriosoma 94.19% purity. The type 2 component was in Hawaii, we used the C. chalcites lure (3Z,6Z,9Z)-3,6,9-tricosatriene (Z3,Z6,Z9- because it was available commercially 23:H) and was about 95% pure. (and there was no commercially avail- Field sites. Four bioassays were con- able sex pheromone for C. eriosoma) and ducted, each in a separate fully vegetated because it was known that C. eriosoma (pre-harvest) sweetpotato field on the males were attracted to the C. chalcites Hamakua Coast on the island of Hawaii. sex pheromone (Benn et al. 1982). Herein, For each bioassay, a Davis Instruments we report on male C. eriosoma response to wireless Vantage Pro2 Weather Station the O. anastomosalis synthetic binary sex (Hayward, CA, USA) was deployed nearby attractant, so that there is documentation for the collection of temperature, relative of this non-target catch. Our sweetpotato humidity, wind speed and rainfall data. vine borer field trials also assessed the Further details on the location of each test O. anastomosalis O. was a height that we commonly used for potato foliage. The selected trap height approximately 0.25 m above the sweet positioned trap the of bottom the with MI) post (DARE Products, Inc. Battle Creek, moths. Traps were hung on plastic fence bottom of the traps to capture attracted MI)Inc., Vestaburg, was inserted on the A sticky insert card (Great Lakes IPM. lure type was held in a separate basket. a wire in the middle of theMI) andIPM. Inc. Vestaburg, hung from trap. Each Lakes (Great baskets plastic inside placed were lures attractant All (Z3,Z6,Z9-23:H). mg of the2 pheromone Type component 2.0 with loaded each septa two and 16:Ald) 1 Type pheromone component ( the of mg 2.0 with loaded septum one held trap Each row. the along apart m 10 spaced had seven assigned locations for traps, spaced at least 10 m apart.