1 - - .a. - -'.-, .. x4kS Tropical Root Crops Their Improvement and Utilization S.K. Hahn v".. ternAt6 ' 0 o R.igeria 4. f.- , 4* '4,.. • About ITA .... The Internationa! Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) is an autonomous, nonprofit corporation governed by a 15-member board of trustees headed by Dr. John J. McKelvey Jr. of the United States of Institute's America. The chief executive officer is Director General Dr. Ermond H. Hartmans. IITA seeks to develop alternatives to shifting cultivation that will maintain the productivity of the land under continuous cultivation in the humid and subhumid tropics; to develop higher yielding pest and disease resis­ tant varieties of cowpeas, yams and sweet potatoes worldwide, and of maize, rice, cassava and soybeans in Africa, and to strengthen national agricultural research systems by a comp'ehensive training program and collaborative research. IITA was established in 1967 by the Ford and Rockefeller Foundations, which provided the initial capital for buildings and development, and the Federal Military Government of Nigeria, who allotted 1,000 hectares of land for a headquarters site seven kilometers north of Ibadan. IITA is one of 13 nonprofit international agricultural research and training centers supported by the sultative Group for International Con­ Agricultural Research (CGIAR). The CGIAR is *upported by the Food Agriculture Organization of the United and Nations (FAO), the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). The CGIAR consists of about 50 donor countries, international and regional organizations and private foundations. IITA currently receives support through the CGIAR from a number of donors, including Australia, Belgium, Canada, Ford Foundation, France, Federal Republic of Germany, India, International Bank for Reconstruc­ tion and Development, International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), Italy, Japan, The Netherlands, Nigeria, Norway, Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) Fund for Agricultural Development, United Kingdom and the United States of America. In addition, other donors pro­ vide funds to IITA to support specific research and training programs. Conference Paper 2 Tropical Root Crops Their Improvement and Utilization. S.K. Hahn Based on a paper piesented at a conference organized by the Com­ monwealth Agricultural Bureau on "Advancing Agricultural Production in Africa" held 13-17 February, 1984 at Arusha, Tanzania. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture Oyo Road, PMB 5320, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria Abstract In Africa, cassava, yams, sweet potato and cocoyams are widely growia by subsistence farmers and are important staples. They are the major source of energy for well over 200 million people in the continent. The leaves of these crops, except those of yams, are used as vegetables. These root and tuber crops are well adapted to diverse soil and environmental conditions as well as farming systems. Cassava and sweet potato, particularly the former. are­ tolerant to drought. The major biological constraints to increased and stable production of root and tuber crops in Africa are diseases, insect pests, nematodes and weeds. Other limiting factors include traditional agronomic practices which hive not henefitted from research as well as the unavailability of appropriatestorage and processing technologies. This booklet outlines I e general approaches to overcoming the production constraints for each crop and reviev,s the progress already made. Introduction to 1,800 m and from the sub-Sahel semi­ arid region to 250 south. Sweet potato Importance of tropical root crops grows from sea level to 2,300 mand bet- The major tropical root crops - ween 30°N and 30'S while yams are cassava, yams, sweet potato and found from sea level to 800 m and bet­ rocoyams - are widely grown and ween 25°N and 15'S. Cocoyams, on the most!y used as subsistence staples in other hand, grow mostly in the lowland many parts of the tropics and subtropics humid tropics (Figures 1 and 2). Root in Africa (Table 1). They are the major crops, except yars, grow on a wide source of eiergy for well over 200 range of soils and they can give satisfaL­ million people in the continent (Table 2) tory yields even on poor acid soils. and the leave3, except for yams, are Cassava and sweet potato grow from often used as a vegeta'Dle providing pro- high rainfall areas to semi-arid regions tein, vitamii s and minerals. Root crops because they tolerate di ought and a wide are also grown to some extent as in- range of soils. They also play a vital role dustrial raw material and as livestock in alleviating famine h, providing sus­ feed while they account for 31 percent of tained food supplies when other crops the major staples produced in sub- fail. Cocoyams, however, are best Saharan Africa (Paulino and Yeung, adapted to wet and inundated areas. 1981). The trend of production shows a They are also ,,.ry tolerant to shade in steady increase of 2.7 percent per annum the forest. Root crops are, in general, (FAO, 1982). well adapted to diverse traditional farm­ ing systems under the different en- Advantages of root crops vironmental conditions in Africa. These In Africa, cassava grows from sea level crops are highly efficient produccrs of Table 1: Root crop production statistics in Africa and in the world Area ('000hP.) Yield (t/ha) Production ('000 t) Crop Africa World % Africa World % Africa World % Cassava 7433 14054 53 6.4 9.1 71 47818 127261 38 Yams 2364 2476 95 9.2 9.2 100 21750 22670 96 S/potato 794 11771 7 6.5 12.4 52 5151 145765 4 Cocoyams 1046 1266 83 3.9 5.0 78 4126 6368 65 TOTAL 11637 29567 39 78845 302064 26 Source: FAO production yearbook 1982. %:Data for Africa are percentage of world data for respective crops. Altitude 2,500 Irish potato 10 50ot00% Acreag~e cultivated with each crop (%) Figure I. Relative dlstrlbution of root and tuber crops according to altitude. calories compared to other food crops, higher than commonly realized (Table 3) particularly in the tropics. Their high ef- (Coursey and Booth, 1977). ficiency as i'ood producers arises partly from their plant architecture since For example, on a dry weight basis, strength in other parts of the plant is nor cassava leaf, depending on variety, con­ needed to support bulky and heavy roots tains 26 to 41 percent crude protein with and tubers. increase in size of the edible a mean of 32 percent (IITA, 1974) while part need not, therefore, be associated sweet potato leaf has 13 to 28 percent with increased production of nonedible with a mean of 19 percent (IITA, 1980). tissuie. On a fresh weight basis, the percentage of protein in roots and tubers appears Not only are root crops capable of low, but when related to dry matter relatively high efficiency in production content, as any nutritional calculation of edible carbohydrate, but their effi- should be, the protein content of certain ciency for protetin production is also root crops cuch as yams and sweet Table 2: Per caput daily calorie supply in country groups of Africa by commodity group as percent of total. Equatorial Humid East Semi-arid Africa West Africa~ Africa West Africa Root crops 41 .4 29.6 18.6 19.1 Cereals 26.7 38.9 48.5 49.0 Pulses 4.9 1.5 3.8 3.5 Fruits & vegetables 6.2 7.7 4.0 2.0 Oil crops 10.4 12.7 9.1 13.3 Livestock products 3.2 3.7 6.4 4.5 Other products 7.2 5.9 9.6 7.7 TOTAL 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Sources:FAO, ICS data files and TAC review of priorities for international support to agricultureal 2 research, Rome 1979. Latitude 40 ish potato 30 :Sweet potato. 20 0 0 50 100% Azreage cultivated with each crop (%) Figure 2.Relative distribution of root and tuber crops according to latitude. potato seems to be similar to some of the value, root crops are often said to be tile grains (Coursey and Haynes, 1970). For cause of malnutrition in high consunp­ instance, several water yam varieties tion areas. contain protein up to 12 percent. White yam varieties contain 5 percent (Table 4) Regardless of their obvius advantage a­ with fairly good amino acid composition important staple rc;c:: crops in the (Table 5) although sulphur-containing tropics, there has been an apparent amino acids seem to be rather limiting neglect in research and developrient ac­ (Harvey, 1981). Despite this nutritional tivities even when they are increasingly becoming important as industrial crops Table 3: Calorie and protein product- and animal feed (Okigbo, 1980). This is ivity of various food crops in partly because root crops are usually West Africa (after Coursey and considered inferior since they are Booth, 1977). cheaper than cereals and are believed to Calorific be very low in protein content. Also, production Protein people often believe in an inverse rela­ (million production tionship between root crop consumption (mllion producto cal/haj (kg/ha) and standard of living. Another and more important reason is that large Cassava 8.2 37 quantities of grains have been imported Yams 5.7 107 from outsid the continent discouraging S/po ,ato 7.4 96 farmers from producing more of the Cocoyams 4.5 80 locally adapted root crops. However, in Irish potato 4.7 128 recent years, there has been increasing Maize 3.2 82 political and scientific awareness in Rice 3.2 72 many countries of Africa of the impor- Sorghum 2.4 70 tance of improving production. The Soybean 0.8 78 great potential for root crops in con­ - tributing to food and agriculture in the 3 continent will be realized once people the ecological conditions that make root start using modern production and crops a logical source of carbohy'rate utilization technology.