The New Market Building, Fulton Fish Market, September 21, 1939 Courtesy of the NYC Design Commission Archives Fulton Fish Market: New Market Building The Municipal Art Society of New York | 457 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10022 T 212 935 3960 Fulton Fish Market: New Market Building Significance The South Street Seaport State and National Register Historic District period of significance should be extended to 1954, the year of the construction of the elevated FDR highway, in order to include the New Market Building. The building is already included within the existing physical boundary of the district but is considered a noncontributing element because it was less than 50 years old at the time of the district’s listing. The New Market Building has both architectural and cultural significance and should be considered a contributing element to the National Register district under Criteria A and C. As the last functioning site in the important commercial and shipping hub of the Seaport, its significant role in New York’s maritime history is indisputable. Like most of the other, earlier buildings of the Seaport, the New Market Building has a very straightforward and utilitarian design. Though there is a very modest amount of decorative detail, the building is representative of the architectural style and Map of South Street Seaport, 1976, Highlighting character of the WPA-era buildings of the New Market Building Courtesy of the Library of Congress (HABS) late 1930s. According to market historian Helen Tangires, the Fulton Fish Market was one of the most emblematic public markets in the United States due to its longevity, dominant situation on the East River, and its “place in the world’s food history.”1 This significance belongs not just to the South Street Seaport Historic District or to Lower Manhattan. Even as the fish market buildings speak to the maritime history of New York City, they also speak “to the world’s environmental history and the future of its waterways.”2 Beginning in the second half of the twentieth century and continuing to this day “burgeoning development and neglect threatened countless maritime relics throughout the city.”3 In large part, much of what remains in the South Street Seaport exists thanks to early preservation efforts spearheaded by citizen advocates and supported by City policy. These efforts resulted in programming in the area that “reclaimed many maritime historic sites and structures as cultural, recreational, and educational resources.”4 The Municipal Art Society of New York 2 Fulton Fish Market: New Market Building Since its inception in 1838, the Fulton Fish Market has acted as an anchor for the entire South Street Seaport and its celebrated maritime history. The buildings of the Fulton Street Fish Market - the Tin Building and the New Market Building - have always functioned as links between the South Street Seaport Historic District and the waterfront. The New Market Building is both the last building constructed exclusively for and occupied by this cherished institution, and is thus representative of the final phase of the district’s period of significance. To this end, the South Street Seaport Historic District’s period of significance should be extended to include this noteworthy contributing element: the Fulton Fish Market’s New Market Building. History of the South Street Seaport When European colonizers first came to the shores of America, locations for settlement were chosen based upon their relationship to the water. At that time, shipping was the most efficient means of transport for both people and goods. Not only was the waterfront the center of commerce, but it was also the center of the city. “People came to these places to work in ship and lumber yards, on piers and in counting houses. They also came to purchase sails, food, and linen. They came to travel across river and ocean, to greet the newly arrived, and simply to watch the flurry of boats in the harbor.”5 For eighteenth and nineteenth century New York City, the South Street Seaport was this hub of activity. The tip of Manhattan Island was the first portion of the city to be developed, at the confluence of the North (a.k.a. Hudson) and East Rivers. “As the city spread northward, fresh and tidal marshes were filled to make space for the growing number of piers, wharves, and other commercial shoreline facilities.”6 A tidal strait, the East River is favorably sheltered from winter ice floes, and thus better suited to small craft than the Hudson River. “In the first mile or so of the East River towards the Bay were to be found most of the important wharves of the period before the Civil War.”7 The city’s ability to stimulate trade through innovation resulted in the Seaport’s peak success from 1815 to 1860. In 1817, South Street’s Black Ball Line inaugurated the novel idea of sailing ships according to a schedule. These “packet ships” ran from New York to Liverpool on a fixed date, regardless of weather, full of passengers and cargo or empty. In 1846, shipbuilders along the East River developed the clipper ship configuration, a design that exchanged volume for speed. Along with the booming shipping industry in the Seaport, an entire community developed. The “hotels, rooming houses, taverns, brothels, and seamen’s chapels catered to the needs of visiting The Municipal Art Society of New York 3 Fulton Fish Market: New Market Building crews… It was a transitional zone, a village within the city, and many seamen and sailors who put into port never ventured beyond its confines.”8 Earlier in the century, Robert Fulton had pioneered the use of steam with his ship Clermont. The shipyards along the East River were forced to adapt to the technology, as the advances of the steam engine eclipsed the efficiency, size and safety of ships powered by wind and sail. The development of steamships had a compound effect on South Street. As technology improved, the steamships grew in size, requiring larger piers and a wider berth. “During the 1880s and 1890s, the increasing size and number of ships, the demand for more plentiful pier space…made the Hudson River the logical place to construct the next generation of piers.”9 The East River was too narrow and turbulent to support the massive ocean liners coming into port. The concentration of shipping activities on the West side was one of several factors that led to the slowdown of South Street Seaport. The construction of the elevated arterial highway in the 1950s “which created a barrier between the waterfront and upland communities; the change from the break bulk to container shipping, which required more upland area; and competition from other ports”10 were all contributing factors. Additionally, during World War II, American ships flew foreign flags in order to avoid taxation, insurance and labor costs. This practice was not reversed at the close of the war, and as the American merchant fleet diminished, so did wholesale trade at the Seaport. Despite these changes, the thriving Fulton Fish Market remained an anchor to the area throughout these lean years. Starting in the 1960s, efforts were put into the rejuvenation of the area. The Lower Manhattan Plan of 1966 identified the East River waterfront from the Battery to the Brooklyn Bridge for integrated development as the “East Side Opportunity Area.” Later, the Seaport was included in the Brooklyn Bridge Southeast Renewal Plan of 1969, and by 1970 was determined to be a Special Purpose District by the Board of Estimate. Initially there was little attention paid to potential landmark structures or historic districts. However, grassroots preservation and restoration efforts at the South Street Seaport were launched out of apprehension over these mid- century urban renewal initiatives. Though the City’s planning policy had begun to reflect the special nature of the area, the preservation and development plan guiding much of the restoration of the historic Seaport was not fully realized until the South Street Development Proposal of 1977. At this time the City intended to restore the Seaport to its traditional importance as a vital economic center.11 The Municipal Art Society of New York 4 Fulton Fish Market: New Market Building The South Street Seaport Historic District Though the Seaport was dilapidated and derelict, the significance of the area to the history of the port of New York and the city as a whole was first recognized by a group of concerned citizens, led by Peter and Norma Sanford. In an interview with the New York Times, Peter Sanford commented, “We saw the barren, windswept plazas that were being built downtown, and we knew we were racing the bulldozer.”12 Inspired by the revitalization of the San Francisco waterfront, the Friends of the South Street Seaport Museum received a charter from the New York State Board of Regents to create the Museum in 1967. The first objective of the organization was to stabilize the area and preserve a collection of historic buildings bounded on the north by the Brooklyn Bridge and the south by Maiden Lane. A majority of these eighteenth and nineteenth century buildings were severely neglected, and some had even been abandoned. The Museum, with the help of the City and several prominent real estate developers, acquired many of these structures in order to save them. Having succeeded in its first goal, the Museum then aimed to creating a sense of living history at the Seaport. “They did this by reintroducing important historic vessels to the area and establishing a maritime museum and research library. The Museum’s purpose was to tell the story of New York and the Seaport through the interpretation of its buildings, streets, ships, and salty history.”13 Thanks to the Museum’s efforts, nine buildings of the Schermerhorn Row block were saved and designated as individual New York City landmarks in 1968, a mere three years after the creation of the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission.