REPUBLIC INTERNATIONAL OF FUND FOR KENYA AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, WATER & NATURAL RESOURCES UPPER TANA NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT PROJECT (UTaNRMP) BASELINE SURVEY REPORT JUNE 2014 Submitted by: Kamfor Company Limited P.O. Box 61297, Nairobi Tel: 254-733-709764/020-2225227 Fax: 254-20-2225829 E-mail: [email protected] Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................... VII EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................... XI 1.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 1 1.1 UPPER TANA NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT PROJECT (UTANRMP) ..................... 1 1.2 OBJECTIVES OF BASELINE SURVEY ........................................................................... 3 1.3 SURVEY COVERAGE ............................................................................................. 4 2.0 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY ...................................................................... 7 2.1 SURVEY APPROACH ............................................................................................. 7 2.2 DISCUSSIONS WITH THE CLIENT .............................................................................. 7 2.3 MAPPING OF RIVER BASINS ................................................................................... 7 2.4 COLLECTION OF SECONDARY DATA/LITERATURE REVIEW.............................................. 7 2.5 PREPARATION OF DATA COLLECTION TOOLS .............................................................. 8 2.6 INCEPTION REPORT ............................................................................................. 9 2.7 SAMPLING ......................................................................................................... 9 2.7.1 Household Survey ............................................................................................ 9 2.7.2 Key Informant Interviews .............................................................................. 12 2.7.3 Focused Group Discussions ............................................................................ 12 2.8 FIELD VISITS .................................................................................................... 14 2.9 DATA ENTRY, EDITING AND ANALYSIS .................................................................... 14 2.10 REPORT WRITING ........................................................................................... 14 3.0 PRESENTATION OF SURVEY FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................... 15 3.1 SOCIO-ECONOMIC DATA ............................................................................... 15 3.1.1 Population Distribution and Structure .......................................................... 15 3.1.2 Economic Activitiesand Poverty Levels .......................................................... 17 3.1.3 Household Size and Female Headed Households .......................................... 18 3.1.4 Sources of Household Incomes and Labour ................................................... 20 3.1.5 Type of housing, Sources of water, Light and Cooking Energy ..................... 24 3.1.6 Asset Ownership ............................................................................................ 27 3.1.7 Human Development Index and Life Expectancy .......................................... 29 3.1.8 Education Indicators and Literacy Levels ...................................................... 30 3.1.9 Health Indicators ........................................................................................... 36 3.1.10 Social and Security Dimensions ................................................................... 37 3.1.11 Land related Issues and Tenure Systems ..................................................... 39 3.1.12 Community Participation ............................................................................. 42 3.1.13 Awareness of People with Special Needs .................................................... 43 3.1.14 Actors (NGOs, CSOs, SHGs) in the Project Area ........................................... 44 3.1.15 Other Cross Cutting Issues ........................................................................... 46 ii 3.1.16 Key Recommendations ................................................................................ 46 3.2 WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT.............................................................. 48 3.2.1 Background .................................................................................................... 48 3.2.2 Water Resources Users Associations (WRUAs) ............................................. 48 3.2.3 Water Users Association (WUA) .................................................................... 56 3.2.4 Main Water Pollution Sources ....................................................................... 66 3.2.5 Water Supply Systems ................................................................................... 67 3.2.6 Households with Safe Drinking Water .......................................................... 74 3.2.7 Area under Irrigation ..................................................................................... 75 3.2.8 Summary Findings ......................................................................................... 77 3.2.9 Recommendations for Water Issues.............................................................. 78 3.3 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION ............................................................... 80 3.3.1 Background .................................................................................................... 80 3.3.2 Community Forest Associations .................................................................... 80 3.3.3 Environmental Hot Spots ............................................................................... 86 3.3.4 Road Embankments ..................................................................................... 107 3.3.5 Hilltops ......................................................................................................... 108 3.3.7 HUMAN-WILDLIFE CONFLICTS ......................................................................... 112 3.3.8 Household Energy Usage and Use of Energy Efficeint Technologies .......... 114 3.3.9 Charcoal Production .................................................................................... 116 3.3.10 Green Energy ............................................................................................. 116 3.3.11 Environmental Awareness ......................................................................... 117 3.3.12 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES ............................................ 120 3.4 RURAL LIVELIHOODS ................................................................................... 121 3.4.1 Background to Agriculture Sector ............................................................... 121 3.4.2 Main Economic Activities in the Counties ................................................... 121 3.4.3 Main Land Use Pattern ................................................................................ 121 3.4.4 Main Economic Activities and Land use Patterns in the River Basins ......... 123 3.4.5 Soil Distribution and Soil Fertility in the counties and River Basins ............ 124 3.4.5 Main Soil and Water Conservation Hotspots .............................................. 133 3.4.6 Soil and Water Conservation in the River Basins ........................................ 134 3.4.8 Percentage of Farmers Using Improved Seeds and Fertilizer in the Counties and River Basins .................................................................................................... 135 3.4.7 Uptake of Various Agricultural Technonologies .......................................... 137 3.4.8 Major Cropping Activities, and Average Land Acreage in the River Basins 141 3.4.9 Challenges ................................................................................................... 155 3.4.10 Livestock .................................................................................................... 157 3.4.11 Market for Food Crops, Cash Crops, Horticulture, and Livestock.............. 161 3.4.12 Access to Credit ......................................................................................... 162 3.4.15 Fisheries ..................................................................................................... 168 3.4.16 Challenges and Recommendations in Agriculture Sector / Rural Livelihoods .............................................................................................................................. 174 3.5 COMMUNITY EMPOWERMENT AND PARTICIPATION .................................. 176 iii 3.5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................. 176 3.5.2 Financial Management Issues among the Target Communities ................. 176 3.5.3 Current Community Procurement Methods and Major Procurement Issues .............................................................................................................................. 177 3.5.4 Community Participation in Rural Projects ................................................. 177 3.5.5 Players in NRM in the Project Area ............................................................. 178 3.6 PROJECT MANAGEMENT AND COORDINATION ......................................................