Habsburg Lemberg Central European Studies Charles W. Ingrao, senior editor Gary B. Cohen, editor Habsburg Lemberg Architecture, Public Space, and Politics in the Galician Capital, 1772-1914 Markian Prokopovych Purdue University Press West Lafayette, Indiana Copyright 2009 by Purdue University. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Prokopovych, Markian, 1972- Habsburg Lemberg : architecture, public space, and politics in the Galician capital,1772-1914 / by Markian Prokopovych. p. cm. -- (Central European studies) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-1-55753-510-8 1. Nationalism and architecture--Ukraine--L’viv. 2. Architecture--Political aspects--Ukraine--L’viv. 3. Architecture and society--Ukraine--L’viv. 4. City planning--Ukraine--L’viv. 5. L’viv (Ukraine)--Buildings, structures, etc. I. Title. NA1455.U472L897 2008 701’.03094779--dc22 2008012779 To the memory of Volodymyr Vujcyk Contents Acknowledgments xiii Foreword xv Introduction: The Other Lemberg 1 Chapter One: Architecture, Public Space, and Politics Revisited 19 Vormärz to Fin de Siècle: Disorder, Cultural Politics, Beautification 21 Vormärz: Verschönerungsplan and Its Restrictions Neoabsolutism: Disorder and Representation Fin de Siècle: Upiększenie , Renaming, and Memorializing Imperial Loyalty and Nationalism: Convergence versus Divergence 37 Vormärz: Taming Polish Nationalism? Neoabsolutism to Autonomy: Parteien into Nations and the Survival of Habsburg Loyalty Public Space, Nationalism, Construction 43 The Official Concept of Public Space Public Representation and Segregated Socializing: Vormärz to Constitutionalism Chapter Two: Writing the City: Bureaucrats, Historians, Technicians, and Nationals 63 Bureaucrats and Reason: Franz Kratter, Joseph Rohrer, and the Polish Context 64 Vormärz, Architects: Ignac Chambrez between Vienna and Prague 73 Bureaucrats and Nationalism 76 Agenor Gołuchowski Edmund Mochnacki and Tadeusz Rutowski Poles: Historicism, Historians, and “Technicians” 83 Ruthenians: Russophiles, Ukrainians, and “Germanized Individuals” 93 Gentiles and Places of Filth and Stench 100 Fin de Siècle, Architects: Julian Zachariewicz and Artistic Civilizations 110 Chapter Three: Making the City: Institutions, Parks, Monuments 133 Institutions: Vaterland , Nation, and the Arts 134 Ossolineum, vaterländisch-literarische Institut Skarbek Theater, “ Der allgemein genüssende Wunsch ” The Ruthenian National Institute, One’s Own Truth in One’s Own House Town Hall, “ Edelstein im schönen Ringe ” Parks: From Places of Solitude into Memorialized Spaces 157 Kiliński Park and the Resistance of Political Power Memorializing Agenor Gołuchowski Monuments on the Street: Imperial Symbolism and Aspirations Unfulfilled 170 Failing with Tadeusz Kościuszko Chapter Four: Using the City: Commemorations, Restorations, Exhibitions 197 Dynastic Ceremonies, Imperial Pomp, and National Celebrations 198 The Spectacles of 1809 Król Kurkowy and the Transformation of the Riflemen Confraternity The Lublin Union Mound in 1869, 1871, and 1874 and the Later Construction The City and the Ruthenians, 1905 Nationalizing Restoration and Westernizing the Past 226 Vienna and the Honorary Curators Laymen, Technicians, and the Invention of Wawel’s Past The City, the Municipal Archive, and the External Advisers Westernizing Medieval Churches: Julian Zachariewicz Polonizing the Armenian Cathedral Landesausstellungen : Technological and National Display 242 1877: The Exhibition of Agriculture and Industry and the Emergence of Technicians 1894 and the Third Congress of Polish Technicians 1910: Polish Art and Polish Technicians Conclusions 275 Abbreviations 305 Bibliography 307 Index 347 Illustrations Figure 1. Café Central. Unknown photographer, 1904. 6 Figure 2. View of Lemberg, the capital of Galicia and Lodomeria. Lithograph by Francois Perner, 1772. 22 Figure 3. View of the Bernardine Cloister before Noon in Morning Light, painted Anno 1795. Gouache by Jan Wenig. 22 Figure 4. Herrngasse. Lithograph by Karol Auer. 25 Figure 5. View of Lemberg in the direction of Cracow district. Lithograph by Karol Auer, 1830. 27 Figure 6. View on Lemberg from Wronowski Hill, 1840. Gouache by Teofil Czyszkowski. 29 Figure 7. Ferdinand Square. Gouache by August Gatton, 1847. 29 Figure 8. House of the Invalids. Photograph by Józef Eder, 1860-70. 31 Figure 9. Upper Lyczaków. Unknown photographer, 1900s. 34 Figure 10. Podwale Street. Unknown photographer, 1905. 38 Figure 11. Reform synagogue. Photograph by Józef Eder, 1863. 38 Figure 12. View of Lemberg. Lithograph by Anton Lange, 1826. 44 Figure 13. Kortum’s House. 44 Figure 14. Redoute in the German Theater, 1806. Gouache by Franz Gerstenberger. 48 Figure 15. Wały Hetmańskie around 1888. Drawing by Karol Mlodnicki. 49 Figure 16. Monument to Stanisław Jabłonowski. Photograph by Józef Eder, 1860-70. 91 Figure 17. Golden Rose Synagogue. Photograph by Józef Kościesza Jaworski, ca. 1912. 101 Figure 18. St. Ann’s Street. Photograph by Józef Eder, 1860-70. 102 Figure 19. Market on Cracow Square. Photograph by Józef Eder, 1860-70. 104 Figure 20. “Ba łł aban Building” prior to demolition. Unknown photographer, ca. 1909. 104 Figure 21. Polytechnic University building by Julian Zachariewicz. Photograph by Franciszek Rychnowski, 1894. 111 Figure 22. Franciscan Church and cloister. Photograph by Edward Trzemeski, ca. 1890. 112 Figure 23. Nobile’s façade design for the Ossolineum. 137 Figure 24. Ossolineum in 1846-48. Lithograph by Karol Auer. 138 Figure 25. Ossolineum. Photograph by Edward Trzemeski, 1874-77. 139 Figure 26. Ossolineum after the fights of 1918. Unknown photographer, 1918. 140 Figure 27. Finanzlandesdirektion Building. Lithograph by Peter Piller, 1800s. 142 ix Figure 28. Skarbek Theater. Lithograph by Peter Piller, 1840s. 142 Figure 29. Ruthenian National Institute. Photograph by Józef Eder, 1860-70. 147 Figure 30. The ruins of the Lemberg University building after bombardment in 1848. 147 Figure 31. Preobraženska Church. Photograph by Teodozy Bahrynowicz, 1900s. 149 Figure 32. The collapse of the old Town Hall in 1826. Lithograph by Karol Auer. 153 Figure 33. Town Hall before 1848. Lithograph by Karol Auer. 153 Figure 34. The Fire in the Town Hall in 1848. Lithograph by Ridl. 154 Figure 35. The Town Hall after the Bombardment in 1848. Drawing by J. Dzewoński. 155 Figure 36. Roman Bandurski. The winning “Twardy orzech” project for the Town Hall reconstruction, 1908. 157 Figure 37. Höcht’s Casino Building. Photograph by Józef Eder, 1860-70. 159 Figure 38. Municipal Park. Unknown photographer, 1900. 160 Figure 39. Kiliński monument. Unknown photographer, 1900s. 164 Figure 40. Monument to Agenor Gołuchowski. Unknown photographer, 1900s. 169 Figure 41. Monument to Jan Sobieski. Unknown photographer, 1898. 171 Figure 42. Mikolasz passage. Unknown photographer, 1900s. 172 Figure 43. Haliciki Square. Photograph by Antoni Wodziński, 1890s. 175 Figure 44. Marian Square. Photograph by Edward Trzemeski, 1890s. 176 Figure 45. Galician Sejm building by Juliusz Hochberger. Photograph by Edward Trzemeski, 1894. 178 Figure 46. “Dnister” Building by Ivan Levynśkyj. Photograph by Mojżesz Fruchtmann, 1900s. 179 Figure 47. Roman Catholic Cathedral, where most of the imperial celebrations started. Lithograph by Karol Auer, 1837-38. 201 Figure 48. Procession during Franz Joseph’s visit to Lemberg in 1851. 202 Figure 49. Riflemen shooting range. Lithograph by Peter Piller, 1800s. 204 Figure 50. Riflemen Range Building during the Vormärz. Lithograph by Karol Auer, 1840s. 207 Figure 51. Jan Sobieski’s bust (1883) in Front of the Riflemen Shooting Range Building. Photograph by Edward Trzemeski, 1900. 207 Figure 52. Dominican Church. Lithograph by Karol Auer, 1837-38. 212 Figure 53. Smolka’s speech on Castle Hill on the occasion of the Union of Lublin anniversary in 1869. 213 Figure 54. View over Lwów. Photograph by Edmund Libański, 1928. 223 Figure 55. St. John the Baptist Church before Zachariewicz’s restoration. Photograph by Teodor Szajnok, 1868. 235 Figure 56. Julian Zachariewicz. Restoration of St. John the Baptist Church, 1887. 237 x Figure 57. Armenian Cathedral. Postcard from around 1900. 239 Figure 58. Project for the restoration of the Armenian Cathedral by Mączyński, 1910. 241 Figure 59. St. George Market (before 1844). Lithograph by Anton Lange. 243 Figure 60. Kontrakty Fair in Lemberg, after a drawing by Franz Gerstenberger. 244 Figure 61. Agricultural-Industrial Exhibition of 1877. Photograph by Edward Trzemeski, 1877. 244 Figure 62. Agricultural-Industrial Exhibition of 1877, School section. Photograph by Edward Trzemeski, 1877. 246 Figure 63. View on the Stryjski Hills and the 1894 exhibition. Unknown photographer, 1894. 248 Figure 64. The main alley at the 1894 Provincial Exhibition, dominated by the bottleshaped pavilion of the Londratowicz & Proux firm. Photograph by Edward Trzemeski, 1894. 248 Figure 65. The greeting of an official delegation in front of the Palace of Art at the 1894. Provincial Exhibition. Photograph by Edward Trzemeski. 250 Figure 66. Interior of the 1910 Exhibition. 256 Figure 67. Map of Lemberg, “Plan de la Ville de Leopole Capitale de la Russi Rouge avec les Feauxbourgs,” by Charles de Scheffer, ca. 1780. 292 Figure 68. Map, “Lemberg mit seinen Umgebungen nach der Original Aufname des k.k. General-Quartiermeister-Stabes; auf Stein graviert im Jahre 1836.” 294 Figure 69. Map, “Lemberg mit seinen Vorstädten im Jahre 1844,” by Kratochwill, Radoicsich, and Brankowich, 1844. 296