ccitn COURIER INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS | 9 NOVEMBER 19 9 3 fi Fih cables made of RADOX material from 5+SUHNER AG are applicable to a large ranc sting temperatures (-55°C.vto + 125°C). :ase of a fire accident, they do- not set free rrosive gas, are non toxic and have only a slight srtfpke development. They an=pighly reliable in common functions as well as in excessive stress, Multivendor VXI - shofflWcuit or in case ol hie We Make It Work $7 're building the software standards that make multiven­ HUBERSUHNER AG dor VXI systems a reality. And we're not just talking about our Division Energy and industry-leading LabVIEW®and LabWindows® software. We're Signal Transmission also talking about our NI-VXI™ software, which works across CH-8330 Pfaffikon/ZH platforms with languages like C, BASIC, ATLAS, and ADA, "H" 01 952 22 11 Sure, we offer state-of-the-art VXI controllers like our SOI 952 23 23 66 MHz 486DX2 embedded PC. And yes, we invented MXIbus to bring embedded VXI performance to desktop computers. But our finest VXI technology is our software. It's what sets us apart and keeps your system open. With ULTRASTAB® programmable current transducers from 40 to 10.000A, covering the whole current range in Call for a FREE VXI brochure. metrology class. To make VXI work for you, The only thing to do is call call (512) 794-0100. DANFYSIK. f¥ NATIONAL H INSTRUMENTS® The Software is the Instrument ® 6504 Bridge Point Parkway Austin, TX 787305039 Tel: (512) 794-0100 Fax: (512) 794-8411 Probably the best current transducers you can buy... See us at the MACWORLD Expo in Sweden Branch Offices: Australia 03 879 9422 • Austria 0662 435986 • Belgium 02 757 00 20 • Canada 519 622 9310 Denmark 45 76 26 00 • Finland 90 527 2321 • France 1 48 65 33 70 • Germany 089 714 50 93 • Italy 02 48301892 Hd DANFYSIK Japan 03 3788 1921 • Netherlands 01720 45761 • Norway 32 848400 • Spain 91 640 0085 Sweden 08 730 49 70 • Switzerland 056 27 00 20 • U.K. 0635 523545 DANFYSIK A/S • M0llehaven 31 • DK-4040 Jyllinge • Denmark Tel.: +45 46 78 81 50 • Fax: +45 46 73 15 51 © Copyright 1993 National Instruments Corporation. All rights reserved. Product and company names listed are trademarks or trade names of their respective companies. In USA: GMW Associates Tel.: (415) 368-4884 • Fax: (415) 368-0816 II CERN Courier, November 1993 Volume 33 Advertising enquiries No. 9 Europe November 1993 Micheline Falciola Covering current developments in high energy Advertising Manager CERN physics and related fields worldwide CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland Editor: Gordon Fraser (COURIER @ CERNVM)* Tel.:+41 (22) 767 4103 Production and Advertisements: Fax: +41 (22) 782 1906 Micheline Falciola (FAL @ CERNVM)* Advisory Board: EJ.N. Wilson (Chairman), E. Lillestol, Rest of the world H. Satz, D. Treille; with W. Hoogland, Tim Serpico H.I. Miettinen Gordon and Breach Science Publishers *(Full electronic mail address... @ CERNVM. CERN. CH) 820 Town Center Drive Langhorne, PA 19047 Tel.:+1 (215) 750 2642 Fax: +1 (215) 750 6343 Distributed to Member State governments, institutes and laboratories affilliated with CERN, and to their personnel. Special Neutrino Physics Issue -j The paradox particle General distribution • by Christine Sutton Jacques Dallemagne CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland Q Neutrinos at CERN In certain countries, copies are available on request from: Around the Neutrino Laboratories China 1 3 BROOKHAVEN Dr. Qian Ke-Qin Institute of High Energy Physics P.O. Box 918, Beijing, People's Republic of China 22 FERMILAB Germany 26 LOS ALAMOS Gabriela Heessel or Kerstin Techritz DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22603 Hamburg 52 2Q SERPUKHOV Italy Mrs. Pieri or Mrs. Montanari 0-j JAPAN INFN, Casella Postale 56 00044 Frascati, Roma Physics monitor United Kingdom Su Lockley OA Neutrino sunshine Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, V3*T Searching for the sun's particles Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX Oft UNDERWATER USA/Canada Catching neutrinos in oceans and lakes.., Cyndi Rathbun (B90904 @ FNALVM) OQ UNDERGROUND Fermilab, P.O. Box 500, Batavia Illinois 60510 *2 v7 _ down mines and in tunnels Af\ Bruno Pontecorvo 1913-1993 CERN COURIER is published ten times " *J Neutrino ideas man yearly in English and French editions. The views expressed in the Journal are not necessarily those of the CERN management. Printed by: Drukkerij Lannoo nv 8700 Tielt, Belgium Published by: European Laboratory for Particle Physics CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland tel.:+41 (22) 767 61 11, telex: 419 000 CERN CH, telefax: +41 (22) 767 65 55 CERN COURIER only: tel. +41 (22) 767 41 03, telefax +41 (22) 782 19 06 USA: Controlled Circulation Postage paid at Batavia, Illinois Cover photo: deploying apparatus for the DUMAND underwater neutrino project in the Pacific Ocean off Hawaii (see page 36). CERN Courier, November 1993 III EAM SERVICES s and small batch Production With Lasers, Electron Beam and Water Jet Flexibility Short time delivery Feasibility analysis What do we have? - 2.5 kW CO2 Laser with a 1.2x0.9m X-Y table CNC - 900W Nd/YAG Laser with a CIM CNC - 80W, 400Hz excimer laser with a high precision X-Y-9 table controlled by PC - 7.5kW electron beam with a 0.8m3 vacuum chamber with a X-8 table - 15kW electron beam equipment with a X-Y-6 table CNC controlled with a 1m3 vacuum chamber - 3800 bar high pressure water jet pump with 1.3x2.0m X-Y table CNC What can we performe? special parts requiring precision and high quality; • cutting • welding • surface hardening and alloying • marking and engraving Any enquiries regarding our services should be adressed to: Mr. Dias Lopes institutes de soldadura Laboratorio de Feix.es de Eievada Address: Rua Francisco Antonio da Silva 2780 Oeiras- PORTUGAL e qualidade Densidade de Energia E.Mail: [email protected] Telf. (351 )(1) 4429524/99 Fax:(351)(1) 4429799 ...Producing Your Plastic Scintillating Fibers. • Blue scintillating fibers • Green scintillating fibers • Rad-hard fibers • Ribbons and arrays • Large cross-sections • Custom formulations BICRON Our tradition of advancing scintillation technology Bicron 12345 Kinsman Road assures fiber properties Newbury, Ohio 44065-9677 which let you make Telephone: (216) 564-2251 the measurements Telefax: (216) 564-8047 Telex: 980474 BICRON NWBY you need. European Office Contact us today for our Stadhoudersplein 1-401 latest technical and P.O. Box 564 2400 AN Alphen a/d Rijn, The Netherlands pricing information. Telephone: 1720-25700 Telefax: 1720-24388 Nippon Bicron Room No. 805 1-8, 1-Chome Shinyokohama, Kohoku-Ku Yokohama 222 Japan Telephone: 045 (474) 5786 Telefax: 045 (474) 5787 Cryogenics A 12kW4.5K refrigerator for the LEP cavities - one of the 33 cryogenic plants supplied to CERN by Linde. Engineering, contracting, after-sales service and manufacturing facilities in Germany, Great Britain, Switzerland and the USA. your partner in cryogenics LINDE AG LINDE CRYOGENICS LTD. LINDE KRYOTECHNIK AG LOTEPRO CORPORATION Werksgruppe Verfahrenstechnik Blackwater Way Ddttlikonerstrasse 5 Mount Pleasant Corporate Center und Anlagenbau Aldershot 8422 Pfungen 115 Stevens Avenue Dr.-Carl-von-Linde-Str. 6-14 Hampshire GU 12 4DR Switzerland Valhalla, New York 10595 82049 Hollriegelskreuth Great Britain Tel. (052)31 05 55 USA Germany Tel. (0252)331351 Fax (052)31 05 50 Tel. (914)747 3500 Tel. (089) 7445-0 Fax (0252) 343062 Fax (914) 747 3422 Fax (089) 7445-4929 ELIIM Superconducting Magnets from the Elin Magnet Technology which combines the Know-How of manufacturing supercon­ ducting magnets with the associated tooling (e. g. winding machi­ nes, curing presses). VI CERN Courier, November 1993 The paradox particle Neutrino physics by Christine Sutton Wolfgang Pauli - desperate way out It is at first sight paradoxical that (Photo Goudsmit Collection, MP Niels Bohr elementary particle physics - the Library) search for and study of the smallest constituents of matter - requires some of the largest installations known to science. As well as being a leading physics With neutrinos, the smallest and writer, Christine Sutton of Oxford is most reluctant to interact of all also a particle physicist, currently the known particles, the contrast working on the Zeus experiment at is even more marked. Even DESY's HERA electron-proton measured by the yardstick of collider. Her latest book "Spaceship Big Science, neutrino detectors Neutrino" (Cambridge University are big. Press ISBN 0 521 36404 3 [hard­ back] or 0 521 36703 4 [paperback]) This special issue, with its is a fascinating account of the emer­ specially-commissioned introduc­ gence of the neutrino on the stage of tion from Christine Sutton, science. In sixty years, the neutrino sketches the history of this has been transformed from an enigmatic particle, from its apologetic idea its originator dared hesitant introduction by Wolfgang not publish to one of the main experi­ Pauli more than 60 years ago mental tools of modern high energy and the prediction that it could research, while cosmologists have never be observed, through its realized that this bizarre particle dramatic discovery and eventual back-to-back each with a unique could play a major role in the Uni­ transformation into an everyday energy. verse. physics tool, and finally the However, by 1927, Charles Ellis realization that neutrinos played, and William Wooster in Cambridge and continue to play, a funda­ had demonstrated unequivocally that mental role in cosmology. Contri­ the energy spectrum of these elec­ butions were solicited from major In an ordinary way I might say that I trons is instead continuous. Physi­ world Laboratories active in this do not believe in neutrinos ... Dare I cists were puzzled, and no less a area, where neutrino physics say that experimental physicists will person than Niels Bohr proposed has, and continues to be, a major not have sufficient ingenuity to make forgoing the sacred law of energy part of the experimental pro­ neutrinos? Arthur Eddington, 1939 conservation:"..