Citizenship and Democratization in Southeast Asia <UN> Social, Economic and Political Studies of the Middle East and Asia (Founding Editor: C. A. O. Van Nieuwenhuijze) Editor Dale F. Eickelman Advisory Board Fariba Adelkhah (SciencesPo/ceri, Paris) Roger Owen (Harvard University) Armando Salvatore (McGill University) VOLUME 115 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/seps <UN> Citizenship and Democratization in Southeast Asia Edited by Ward Berenschot Henk Schulte Nordholt Laurens Bakker LEIDEN | BOSTON <UN> This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the cc-by-nc-nd License, which permits any non-commercial use, and distribution, provided no alterations are made and the original author(s) and source are credited. Publication in Open Access was made possible by kitlv (Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies). The realization of this publication was made possible by the support of the Royal Dutch Academy of Sciences (knaw). Cover illustration: photograph by Matthew Aho. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Berenschot, Ward, editor. | Schulte Nordholt, Henk, 1953- editor. | Bakker, Laurens Gerrit Hendrik, 1974- editor. | Container of (work): Porio, Emma. Citizen participation and decentralization in the Philippines. Title: Citizenship and democratization in Southeast Asia / edited by Ward Berenschot, Henk Schulte Nordholt, Laurens Bakker. Description: Leiden : Brill, [2017] | Series: Social, economic and political studies of the Middle East and Asia ; volume 115 | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: lccn 2016040193 (print) | lccn 2016040744 (ebook) | ISBN 9789004327771 (hardback: alk. paper) | ISBN 9789004329669 (e-book) Subjects: LCSH: Citizenship--Southeast Asia. | Democratization--Southeast Asia. | Politics, Practical--Southeast Asia. | Political participation--Southeast Asia. | Southeast Asia--Politics and government--21st century. Classification: LCC JQ750.A92 C57 2017 (print) | LCC JQ750.A92 (ebook) | DDC 323.60959--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016040193 Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/brill-typeface. issn 1385-3376 isbn 978-90-04-32777-1 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-32966-9 (e-book) Copyright 2017 by the Editors and Authors. This work is published by Koninklijke Brill nv. Koninklijke Brill nv incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi and Hotei Publishing. 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This book is printed on acid-free paper and produced in a sustainable manner. <UN> Contents About the Authors vii List of Illustrations xi 1 Introduction: Citizenship and Democratization in Postcolonial Southeast Asia 1 Ward Berenschot, Henk Schulte Nordholt and Laurens Bakker part 1 Clientelism and Citizenship 2 Citizen Participation and Decentralization in the Philippines 31 Emma Porio 3 Everyday Citizenship in Village Java 51 Takeshi Ito 4 Elections and Emerging Citizenship in Cambodia 68 Astrid Norén-Nilsson 5 Sosialisasi, Street Vendors and Citizenship in Yogyakarta 96 Sheri Lynn Gibbings part 2 Identity and Citizenship 6 Militias, Security and Citizenship in Indonesia 125 Laurens Bakker 7 Custom and Citizenship in the Philippine Uplands 155 Oona Paredes 8 Citizenship and Islam in Malaysia and Indonesia 178 David Kloos and Ward Berenschot <UN> vi Contents part 3 Middle Classes Engaging the State 9 Digital Media and Malaysia’s Electoral Reform Movement 211 Merlyna Lim 10 Citizenship, Rights and Adversarial Legalism in Thailand 238 Wolfram Schaffar 11 Defending Indonesia’s Migrant Domestic Workers 265 Mary Austin 12 Yellow vs. Red and the Rise of a New Middle Class in Thailand 289 Apichat Satitniramai Index 313 <UN> About the Authors Mary Austin is a PhD student at soas, researching the campaign for an Indonesian domes- tic workers’ law. She first went to Indonesia in 1980 and relished the opportu- nity to visit many parts of the archipelago with her husband who was running the British volunteer programme (vso). After a long career as a teacher, school inspector and senior local government officer, Mary returned to study when she retired, completing an ma in gender studies at soas before embarking on her PhD. When not studying she works as a trustee of Coram, Britain’s longest established charity for children. Laurens Bakker is assistant professor at the Department of Anthropology at the University of Amsterdam. His research focuses on land law and land conflict in Southeast Asia as well as on the influence of informal militias in Southeast Asian local politics, society and economy. He received his PhD in 2009 from the Radboud University Nijmegen with the thesis ‘Who Owns the Land? Looking for Law and Power in Reformasi East Kalimantan’. His publications include contribu- tions to a variety of journals and edited volumes, including Critique of An- thropology, The Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology, and Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde. Ward Berenschot is a post-doctoral researcher at the Royal Netherlands Institute for Southeast Asian and Caribbean studies (kitlv) where he is currently working on a com- parative research project on political clientelism in Indonesia. He holds a PhD in political science from the University of Amsterdam. He is the author of Riot politics: Hindu-Muslim violence and the Indian state (Columbia University Press, 2011) and several articles on ethnic violence, public service delivery and access to justice. Sheri Lynn Gibbings is assistant professor in the Department of Global Studies at Wilfrid Laurier University. She received her PhD from the University of Toronto (2011) and her ma from York University (2004), both in social-cultural anthropology. Her re- search focuses mainly on urban issues in Indonesia, exploring a number of themes including urban informal economies; urban infrastructures; transfor- mations in post-authoritarian cities; and sovereignty, citizenship, and political <UN> viii About the Authors organization in the city. Her doctoral research examined a government- organized relocation of street vendors to a marketplace in Yogyakarta, explor- ing how a group of traders sought to negotiate their rights in the context of Indonesia’s recent transition to democracy. Gibbings is associate editor of City & Society. Takeshi Ito is associate professor of political science at the Faculty of Liberal Arts and the Graduate School of Global Studies, Sophia University in Tokyo. His research concerns agrarian and environmental change, political economy of develop- ment, resource politics, Southeast Asia and theories of hegemony and resis- tance. He is currently working on a project that critically examines the ways in which neoliberal institutionalism manifested in development practices re- shapes and transforms political and social relations of the poor in Indonesia. David Kloos is post-doctoral researcher at the Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies (kitlv) in Leiden, the Netherlands. He received his PhD from vu University in Amsterdam for a dissertation on religious prac- tice and authority in Aceh, Indonesia. His current project deals with female Islamic leadership in Malaysia and Indonesia. Recent publications include a volume co-edited with R. Michael Feener and Annemarie Samuels: Islam and the limits of the state: Reconfigurations of practice, community and authority in contemporary Aceh (Brill, 2015). Merlyna Lim is a Canada Research Chair in digital media and global network society with the School of Journalism and Communication, Carleton University. Lim’s re- search interests revolve around societal implications of digital media glob- ally, especially the production, consumption and exchange of information in cyberspace and physical space. Much of her work explores how power rela- tions are embedded in the production of spaces and how people continue to contest, create and expand spaces of participation, engagement and social movements. Prior to joining Carleton University, Merlyna Lim has held posi- tions at Princeton University, Arizona State University and the University of Southern California. Astrid Norén-Nilsson is the author of Cambodia’s second kingdom: Nation, imagination and democra- cy (Cornell University seap, 2016). She has published articles in the Journal of <UN> About the Authors ix Southeast Asian Studies, Peace Review: A Journal of Social Justice, and sojourn: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia. She is a political and security analyst for various international concerns. She was a Gates Scholar at the University of Cambridge, where she earned a PhD in Politics and International Studies, and a research fellow at the Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies (kitlv) in Leiden, the Netherlands. She currently serves as vice-president of the Cambodian Institute for Strategic Studies (ciss), Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Oona Paredes is assistant professor in the Department of Southeast Asian Studies at the National University of Singapore. Her current research focuses on traditions of authority