Alaska Outer Continental Shelf OCS EIS/EA BOEM 2014-653 Chukchi Sea Planning Area Oil and Gas Lease Sale 193 In the Chukchi Sea, Alaska Draft Second Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Volume 2. Literature Cited, Appendices A, B, C, D U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Ocean Energy Management October 2014 Alaska OCS Region Page Intentionally Left Blank Alaska Outer Continental Shelf OCS EIS/EA BOEM 2014-653 Chukchi Sea Planning Area Oil and Gas Lease Sale 193 In the Chukchi Sea, Alaska Draft Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Volume 2. Chapter 7 (Literature Cited) and Appendices A, B, C, D Prepared by Bureau of Ocean Energy Management Alaska OCS Region Cooperating Agencies U.S. Department of Interior Bureau of Safety and Environmental Compliance Bureau of Land Management State of Alaska Department of Natural Resources Office of Project Management and Permitting North Slope Borough North West Arctic Borough U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Ocean Energy Management Alaska OCS Region October 2014 Page Intentionally Left Blank Table of Contents Page Intentionally Left Blank BOEM Lease Sale 193 Draft Second SEIS Table of Contents Chapter 7. Literature Cited ..................................................................................................................... 1 Appendix A. Accidental Oil Spills and Gas Releases ........................................................................ A-1 Accidental Oil Spills and Gas Releases: Information, Models, and Estimates .................................. A-1 A-1. Accidental Large Oil Spills ................................................................................................. A-2 A-2. Behavior and Fate of Crude Oils ......................................................................................... A-5 A-3. Estimates of Where a Large Offshore Oil Spill May Go ..................................................... A-9 A-4. Oil-Spill-Risk Analysis ...................................................................................................... A-16 A-5. Accidental Small Oil Spills ............................................................................................... A-20 A-6. Potential for Natural Gas Releases .................................................................................... A-23 A-7. Very Large Oil Spills ......................................................................................................... A-25 A-8. Historical Alaska North Slope Crude Oil Spills and Rates (≥ 500 bbl) ............................. A-29 A.1. Supporting Tables and Maps .............................................................................................. A-35 A.2. OSRA Conditional and Combined ProbabilityTables ....................................................... A-72 A-9. Literature Cited ................................................................................................................ A-113 Appendix B. Resource Assessment and Methodology B-1. Resource Assessment for the Lease Sale 193 Scenario ....................................................... B-1 B-2. Lease Sale 193 Draft Second SEIS Scenario Support Table ............................................... B-9 Appendix C. Marine Mammal Mitigation Measures C-1. Lease Stipulations ............................................................................................................... C-1 C-2. Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) ........................................................................... C-2 C-3. Endangered Species Act ...................................................................................................... C-3 Appendix D. Guide to Lease Stipulations .......................................................................................... D-1 D-1. Background .......................................................................................................................... D-1 D-2. Considerations in Reading the Sale 193 Lease Stipulations ................................................ D-1 D-2.1.1. Stipulation No. 1. Protection of Biological Resources ......................................... D-2 D-2.1.2. Stipulation No. 2. Orientation Program ................................................................ D-2 D-2.1.3. Stipulation No. 3. Transportation of Hydrocarbons ............................................. D-2 D-2.1.4. Stipulation No. 4. Industry Site-Specific Monitoring Program for Marine Mammal Subsistence Resources ............................................................................ D-2 D-2.1.5. Stipulation No. 5. Conflict Avoidance Mechanisms to Protect Subsistence Whaling and Other Marine Mammal Subsistence-Harvesting Activities .............. D-2 D-2.1.6. Stipulation No. 6. Pre-Booming Requirements for Fuel Transfers ...................... D-2 D-2.1.7. Stipulation No. 7. Measures to Minimize Effects to Spectacled and Steller’s Eiders During Exploration Activities ...................................................... D-2 D-3. Sale 193 Lease Stipulations ................................................................................................. D-3 (Volume 2) Table of Contents i Page Intentionally Left Blank Chapter 7 Literature Cited Page Intentionally Left Blank BOEM Lease Sale 193 Draft Second SEIS CHAPTER 7. LITERATURE CITED ACI (Alaska Consultant, Inc.), Courtnage, C.S., and Stephen R. Braund and Assocs. 1984. Barrow Arch Socioeconomic and Sociocultural Description. Technical Report 101. Anchorage, AK: USDOI, MMS, Alaska OCS Region. ACIA. 2004. Impacts of a Warming Arctic: Arctic Climate Impact Assessment. ACIA Overview report. Cambridge University Press. 140 pp. Available at http://www.amap.no/documents/doc/impacts-of-a- warming-arctic-2004/786 ACIA. 2005. Arctic Climate Impact Assessment. 2005. Arctic Climate Impact Assessment. Cambridge university Press, 1042 pp. Adams, L. 2013. A Muskox on the Move. USDOI, National Park Service, Kobuk Valley National Park, accessed 05/06, 2013. http://www.nps.gov/kova/blogs/A-Muskox-on-the-Move.htm. ADCCED (Alaska Department of Commerce, Community, and Economic Development). 2013. Alaska Taxable 2013. Available at http://commerce.alaska.gov/dnn/Portals/4/pub/OSA/Taxable%202013%20-%202013- 12-31.pdf ADCCED. 2014. Communities. http://commerce.alaska.gov/. Accessed August, 2014. Adcroft A., R. Hallberg, J.P. Dunne, B.L. Samuels, J.A. Galt, C.H. Barker, and D. Payton. 2010. Simulations of underwater plumes of dissolved oil in the Gulf of Mexico. Geophysical Research Letters 37. ADEC (State of Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation). 2011a. State Air Quality Control Program: State Implementation Plan, December 21, 2011. ADEC. 2011b. Emissions, Meteorological Data, and Air Pollutant Monitoring for Alaska’s North Slope. Prepared by MACTEC Engineering & Consulting, December 21, 2011. Research Triangle Park: North Carolina. Available at http://dec.alaska.gov/air/ap/docs/North_Slope_Energy_Assessment_FINAL.pdf ADEC. 2014. Impaired Waters in the State of Alaska (Clean Water Act, Section 303). State of Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation, Division of Water, Water Quality Standards, Assessment and Restoration. Available at: http://dec.alaska.gov/Water/wqsar/index.htm Retrieved May 15, 2014. ADF&G (Alaska Department of Fish and Game). 1986. Alaska Habitat Management Guide: Arctic Region Map Atlas. Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Juneau, Alaska. 7 pages + maps. http://www.arlis.org/docs/vol1/C/AHMG/ ADF&G. 2011. Muskox Management Report of Survey-Inventory Activities 1 July 2008 - 30 June 2010. Juneau, Alaska: Alaska Department of Fish and Game. ADF&G. 2014a. Anadromous Waters Mapper. Available at http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/sf/SARR/AWC/index.cfm?ADFG=main.interactive. Retrieved May 22, 2014. ADF&G. 2014b. Western Arctic Caribou Herd Numbers 235,000. Alaska Fish & Wildlife News. http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=wildlifenews.view_article&articles_id=671. ADF&G. 2014c. Subsistence in Alaska, Harvest Data and Reports Community Subsistence Information System. Accessed September, 2014. http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/sb/CSIS/ ADFG. 2001. Oil Spill Contingency Planning: Most Environmentally Sensitive Areas (MESAs) Along the Coast of Alaska. Alaska Department of Fish and Game for Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation, Spill Prevention and Response, Anchorage, AK. 24 p + maps, GIS Data, online databases. http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=maps.mesamaps. ADHSS BRFSS. 2012. Alaska Dept. of Health and Social Services, Alaska's Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Accessed August, 2014. http://dhss.alaska.gov/dph/Chronic/Pages/brfss/default.aspx. ADHSS BVS (Bureau of Vital Statistics). 2012. Data and Statistics. Alaska Dept. of Health and Social Services, Division of Public Health. Accessed September, 2014. http://dhss.alaska.gov/dph/VitalStats/Pages/data/default.aspx. Literature Cited 1 Lease Sale 193 Draft Second SEIS BOEM ADHSS Suicide Prevention Council. 2010. Mending the Net: Suicide Prevention in Alaska. Annual Report FY 2010 of the Statewide Suicide Prevention Council. http://www.hss.state.ak.us/suicideprevention/pdfs_sspc/2010SSPCAnnualReport.pdf. ADHSS YBRS. 2012. Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS). State of Alaska. Accessed September, 2014. http://dhss.alaska.gov/dph/Chronic/Pages/yrbs/yrbs.aspx. Adler, A.L., E.J. Boyko, C.D. Schraer, and N.J. Murphy. 1996. Negative Association between Traditional Physical Activities and the Prevalence of Glucose Intolerance in Alaska Natives. Diabetic