1.A.3.b.i, 1.A.3.b.ii, 1.A.3.b.iii, 1.A.3.b.iv Passenger cars, light-duty trucks, heavy-duty vehicles including buses and motorcycles Category Exhaust emissions from road transport NFR: 1.A.3.b.i Passenger cars 1.A.3.b.ii Light-duty trucks 1.A.3.b.iii Heavy-duty vehicles including buses 1.A.3.b.iv Motorcycles SNAP: 0701 Passenger cars 0702 Light-duty vehicles < 3.5 t 0703 Heavy-duty vehicles > 3.5 t and buses 0704 Mopeds and motorcycles < 50 cm3 0705 Motorcycles > 50 cm3 ISIC: Version Guidebook 2009 Update Updated May2012 history For details of past updates please refer to the chapter update log available at the online Guidebook website http://eea.europa.eu/emep-eea-guidebook Lead authors Leonidas Ntziachristos, Zissis Samaras Contributing authors (including to earlier versions of this chapter) Chariton Kouridis, Dieter Hassel, Ian McCrae, John Hickman, Karl-Heinz Zierock, Mario Keller, Michel Andre, Morten Winther, Norbert Gorissen, Paul Boulter, Robert Joumard, Rudolf Rijkeboer, Savas Geivanidis, Stefan Hausberger EMEP/EEA emission inventory guidebook 2009, updated May 2012 1 1.A.3.b.i, 1.A.3.b.ii, 1.A.3.b.iii, 1.A.3.b.iv Passenger cars, light-duty trucks, heavy-duty vehicles including buses and motorcycles Contents 1 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 3 1.1 General description .............................................................................................................. 3 1.2 Structure and origins of this chapter .................................................................................... 3 2 Description of sources ............................................................................................................... 4 2.1 Process description .............................................................................................................. 4 2.2 Techniques........................................................................................................................... 7 2.3 Controls ............................................................................................................................... 8 3 Calculation methods ................................................................................................................ 16 3.1 Choice of method .............................................................................................................. 18 3.2 Tier 1 method .................................................................................................................... 19 3.3 Tier 2 method .................................................................................................................... 24 3.4 Tier 3 method .................................................................................................................... 33 4 Data quality ........................................................................................................................... 101 4.1 Completeness................................................................................................................... 101 4.2 Avoiding double counting with other sectors .................................................................. 101 4.3 Verification ...................................................................................................................... 101 4.4 Bottom-up vs. top-down inventories ............................................................................... 103 4.5 Uncertainty assessment ................................................................................................... 106 4.6 Gridding .......................................................................................................................... 112 4.7 Weakest aspects/priority area for improvement in current methodology ........................ 113 5 Glossary ................................................................................................................................ 113 5.1 List of abbreviations ........................................................................................................ 113 5.2 List of symbols .............................................................................................................. h115 5.3 List of indices .................................................................................................................. 116 6 Supplementary documents, references and bibliography ...................................................... 117 6.1 Supplementary documents............................................................................................... 117 6.2 References ....................................................................................................................... 117 6.3 Bibliography .................................................................................................................... 121 7 Additional comments ............................................................................................................ 122 8 Point of enquiry ..................................................................................................................... 122 9 Annex 1: Bulk Tier 1 emission factors for selected European countries .............................. 123 10 Annex 2: History of the development of the road transport chapter ..................................... 135 11 Annex 3: (separate file) - HDV accompanying files EMEP/EEA emission inventory guidebook 2009, updated May 2012 2 1.A.3.b.i, 1.A.3.b.ii, 1.A.3.b.iii, 1.A.3.b.iv Passenger cars, light-duty trucks, heavy-duty vehicles including buses and motorcycles 1 Overview 1.1 General description This chapter provides the methodology, emission factors and relevant activity data to enable exhaust emissions to be calculated for the following categories of road vehicles: passenger cars (NFR code 1.A.3.b.i) light-duty vehicles (1) (< 3.5 t) (NFR code 1.A.3.b.ii) heavy-duty vehicles (2) (> 3.5 t) and buses (NFR code 1.A.3.b.iii) mopeds and motorcycles (NFR code 1.A.3.b.iv) It does not cover non-exhaust emissions such as fuel evaporation from vehicles (NFR code 1.A.3.b.v), tyre wear and brake wear (NFR code 1.A.3.b.vi), or road wear (NFR code 1.A.3.b.vii). The most important pollutants emitted by road vehicles include: 3 ozone precursors (CO, NOx, NMVOCs ( ); greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O); acidifying substances (NH3, SO2); particulate matter mass (PM); carcinogenic species (PAHs (4) and POPs (5); toxic substances (dioxins and furans); heavy metals. All PM mass emission factors reported in this chapter refer to PM2.5, as the coarse fraction (PM2.5-10) is negligible in vehicle exhaust. Emission factors for particulate matter are presented in terms of particle number and surface area for different size ranges. Also, fuel (energy) consumption figures can be calculated. For NMVOCs, emission factors for 68 separate substances are provided. 1.2 Structure and origins of this chapter The original Corinair 1985 emissions inventory (Eggleston et al, 1989) has been updated five times, with the most recent version having been published in August 2007 (Ntziachristos and Kouridis, 2007). As part of the European Environment Agency (EEA) Guidebook restructuring project, a new standardised tier-based structure has been adopted for all sectoral chapters. In the present chapter, the Tier 3 methodology is, in fact, a transfer of the ‗detailed‘ methodology of the previous version of the Guidebook. Also, the Tier 1 and Tier 2 emission factors were calculated on the basis of the Tier 3 methodology, by applying some default values, by the team at Aristotle University, Thessaloniki. Annex 2 provides a brief history of the previous versions of this chapter. (1) LDVs (2) HDVs (3) NMVOCs = non-methane volatile organic compounds. (4) PAHs = polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. (5) POPs = persistant organic pollutants. EMEP/EEA emission inventory guidebook 2009, updated May 2012 3 1.A.3.b.i, 1.A.3.b.ii, 1.A.3.b.iii, 1.A.3.b.iv Passenger cars, light-duty trucks, heavy-duty vehicles including buses and motorcycles 2 Description of sources 2.1 Process description 2.1.1 Overview Exhaust emissions from road transport arise from the combustion of fuels such as gasoline, diesel, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and natural gas in internal combustion engines. The air/fuel charge may be ignited by a spark (‗spark-ignition‘ or ‗positive-ignition‘ engines), or it may ignite spontaneously when compressed (‗compression-ignition‘ engines). The emissions from road vehicles are illustrated schematically in Figure 2-1, with the red, exhaust emissions being those covered in this chapter, whilst the other sources of emissions from road vehicles are covered in other chapters. Evaporative emissions see chapter 1.A.3.v Exhaust emissions This chapter Road Movement of goods vehicles and/or passengers Road vehicle tyre and brake wear (see chapter 1.A.3.vi Fuel Road wear caused by vehicles’ motion see chapter 1.A.3.vii Figure 2-1 Flow diagram emissions from road transport. 2.1.2 Summary of activities covered Exhaust emissions from road transport are reported according to the four different NFR codes listed in subsection 1.1. The correspondence between these NFR codes and the vehicle categories specified by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) is explained in Table 2-1. For more detailed emission estimation methods these four categories are often sub- divided according to the fuel used,