Osteoporosis Osteoporosis Diagnosis and Management EDITED BY Dale W. Stovall MD Chair and Residency Program Director Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Riverside Regional Medical Center Newport News, VA; Clinical Professor, Department of Internal Medicine University of Virginia Health System Charlottesville, VA, USA This edition first published 2013 C 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd Registered office: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK Editorial offices: 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, USA For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. 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No warranty may be created or extended by any promotional statements for this work. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for any damages arising herefrom. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Osteoporosis (2013) Osteoporosis : diagnosis and management / edited by Dale W. Stovall. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-119-96891-7 (hardback : alk. paper) – ISBN 978-1-118-31632-0 (ePDF) – ISBN 978-1-118-31631-3 (ePub) – ISBN 978-1-118-31630-6 (Mobi) – ISBN 978-1-118-31629-0 I. Stovall, Dale W., editor of compilation. II. Title. [DNLM: 1. Osteoporosis–diagnosis. 2. Osteoporosis–therapy. 3. Risk Factors. WE 250] RC931.O73 616.716–dc23 2013018952 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Cover image: iStock, file number #4907160 C Rpsycho Cover design by Meaden Creative Set in 9.5/13pt Meridien by Aptara R Inc., New Delhi, India 1 2013 Contents List of Contributors, vii Preface, ix 1 Epidemiology and Genetics of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis, 1 Mark Edwards, Rebecca Moon, Nick Harvey & Cyrus Cooper 2 Osteoporosis in Men, 15 Robert A. Adler 3 Mechanisms of Bone Remodeling, 31 Maziar Shabestari & Erik Fink Eriksen 4 Fracture Risk Assessment, 46 Ronald C. Hamdy 5 Secondary Causes of Osteoporosis: Bone Diseases, 62 Peter R. Ebeling 6 Glucocorticoid-induced Osteoporosis, 79 Stuart Silverman & Swamy Venuturupalli 7 Secondary Causes of Osteoporosis: Other Medications, 93 Diane M. Biskobing 8 Hormone Therapy for Osteoporosis, 108 Pilar Valenzuela Mazo & James A. Simon 9 Bisphosphonates, 123 Paul D. Miller & Nelson B. Watts 10 Denosumab, 144 Michael A. Bolognese 11 Parathyroid Hormone: Anabolic Treatment of Osteoporosis, 158 Erik Fink Eriksen 12 Optimum Calcium and Vitamin D for the Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis, 178 Michael F. Holick v vi Contents 13 The Use of Combination Therapy in the Treatment of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis, 201 Juliet Compston 14 Emerging Therapies, 211 Michael R. McClung & Cristiano A. F. Zerbini 15 Monitoring Therapy for Osteoporosis, 227 E. Michael Lewiecki 16 Persistence and Compliance with Medications to Prevent Fractures: Epidemiology, Etiology, and Management Issues, 239 John T. Schousboe Appendix: A Clinician’s Approach to the Patient, 263 Robert Lindsay Index, 273 List of Contributors Robert A. Adler, MD Peter R. Ebeling, MBBS, MD, FRACP Chief, Endocrinology and Metabolism Departments of Medicine (NorthWest Hunter Holmes McGuire Veterans Affairs Academic Centre) and Endocrinology Medical Center; Australian Institute of Musculoskeletal Science Professor of Internal Medicine The University of Melbourne Professor of Epidemiology and St. Albans, VIC, Australia Community Health Virginia Commonwealth University Mark Edwards, MB, BSc, MRCP School of Medicine MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit Richmond, VA, USA University of Southampton University Hospital Southampton Diane M. Biskobing, MD Southampton, UK Associate Professor of Medicine Virginia Commonwealth University Erik Fink Eriksen, MD, DMSc School of Medicine Department of Clinical Endocrinology Richmond, VA, USA Oslo University Hospital Oslo, Norway Michael A. Bolognese, MD, FACE Bethesda Health Research Ronald C. Hamdy, MD, FRCP, FACP Bethesda, MD, USA Professor of Medicine Cecile Cox Quillen Chair of Excellence in Juliet Compston, MD, FRCPath, Geriatric Medicine FRCP, FMedSci East Tennessee State University Professor of Bone Medicine Johnson City, TN, USA Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Nick Harvey, MA, MB, BChir, MRCP, Foundation Trust PhD Cambridge, UK MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit University of Southampton Cyrus Cooper, MA, DM, FRCP, FFPH, University Hospital Southampton FMedSci Southampton, UK MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit University of Southampton Michael F. Holick, PhD, MD University Hospital Southampton Department of Medicine, Section of Southampton; Endocrinology, Nutrition, and Diabetes Professor of Musculoskeletal Science Vitamin D, Skin and Bone Research Laboratory NIHR Musculoskeletal Biomedical Boston University Medical Center Research Unit Boston, MA, USA University of Oxford Oxford, UK vii viii List of Contributors E. Michael Lewiecki, MD, Maziar Shabestari, DDS, PhD FACP, FACE Department of Clinical Endocrinology New Mexico Clinical Research & Oslo University Hospital Osteoporosis Center, Inc Oslo, Norway Albuquerque, NM, USA Stuart Silverman, MD, FACP, FACR Robert Lindsay, MD, PhD Rheumatology Division Helen Hayes Hospital; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center College of Physicians and Surgeons Los Angeles, CA, USA Columbia University New York, NY, USA James A. Simon, MD, CCD, NCMP, FACOG Michael R. McClung, MD Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Oregon Osteoporosis Center The School of Medicine and Health Sciences Portland, OR, USA The George Washington University; Women’s Health & Research Consultants R Paul D. Miller, MD Washington, DC, USA Distinguished Clinical Professor of Medicine University of Colorado Health Sciences Center; Pilar Valenzuela Mazo, MD, NCMP Medical Director Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Colorado Center for Bone Research Pontificia Universidad Catolica´ de Chile Lakewood, CO, USA School of Medicine Santiago, Chile Rebecca Moon, BM, BSc, MRCPCH MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit Swamy Venuturupalli, MD, FACR University of Southampton Clinical Chief - Rheumatology Division University Hospital Southampton Cedars-Sinai Medical Center; Southampton, UK Associate Clinical Professor of Medicine University of California, Los Angeles John T. Schousboe, MD, PhD Los Angeles, CA, USA Co-Director, Park Nicollet Osteoporosis Center Medical Director for Research, Park Nicollet Nelson B. Watts, MD Institute for Research and Education Director, Mercy Health Osteoporosis and Park Nicollet Health Services; Bone Health Services Adjunct Assistant Professor Cincinnati, OH, USA Division of Health Policy and Management School of Public Health Cristiano A. F. Zerbini, MD University of Minnesota Department of Rheumatology Minneapolis,