Metropolitan Growth and Migration in Peru Gunnar Malmberg Department of Geography University of Umeå, Sweden no 9 Geographical Reports no 9 Published by The Department of Geography University of Umeå Metropolitan Growth and Migration in Peru Gunnar Malmberg UMEÅ 1 988 PERU Departments and Urban Centres ECUADOR COLOMBIA TUMBES •\lquitos LORETO PIURA Pirua 1AMA-V tZONAS lAMBA> ^EQUE^CAJA-^ rJ . - *'/.^?marcaV/SAN . ChLcJaYO/ TV {* \\ MARTIN ( BRAZ L A UÔTËKTAO N \ ^ / C Trujillo «/\ x^^Nj \ ^ / ' ancash)huan co s Chimbote < Vr—/ 1 UCAYALI J ^ PASCO Ì\ v Huancayo / Lima ^T?^/ MADRE DE DIOS yHUAN-\ CUZCO ( /-rCAVELr1 C,|CAj\i Cuzco \ APURI V M AC 'CA « PUNO BOLIVIA AREQUIPA M5que^ GUA ( Arequipa XjACNA\ CHILE Ì Metropolitan Growth and Migration in Peru Akademisk avhandling som med vederbörligt tillstånd av rektorsämbetet vid Umeå universitet för vinnande av filosofie doktorsexamen framlägges till offentlig granskning vid geografiska institutionen, Umeå universitet lördagen den 28 maj 1988, kl 10.00 hörsal G i Humanisthuset. av Gunnar Malmberg fil. kand. METROPOLITAN GROWTH AND MIGRATION IN PERU Gunnar Malmberg, Department of Geography, University of Umeå, Sweden. Abstract: The study deals with the interplay between migration and metropolitan growth in Peru during the last decades. The key question is to what extent Peru's rural-urban migration and rapid urban growth is triggered by opportunities within the formal and informal sectors in the growing metropolis of Lima. Aggregated data about migration have been related to information of socio­ economic and geographical conditions in rural and urban areas. Multivariate models of interregional migration are constructed and tested. A study of the life paths of a limited group of migrants has generated hypotheses about causes of migration and the assimilation of migrants in the city. Migration is related to historical changes in Peruvian society and to structural and individual conditions affecting migrants. The historical transformation of the rural and urban sectors is one important precondition for the increasing rural-urban migration in 20th century Peru, including the declining importance of the traditional socio-economic structure (the hacienda system and the peasant communities), population growth, and the increasing importance of capitalistic forms of exchange and production as well as of interregional interaction and non-agrarian sectors. Regional disparities appear to be the most important structural condition affecting migration in Peru, in accordance with the so-called gap-theories, which indicate that changes and conditions in urban areas are more important for temporal and spatial variations in the migration pattern, than corresponding changes in rural areas. Furthermore, young and better educated individuals are overrepresented in the migrant groups and outinigration seems to be highest from rural areas with well-established urban contacts. Urban pull is more important than rural push. The study reveals that personal contacts are essential as a generator of migration, for information flows and for the migrants' adaptation to the urban society. In general, the rural-urban migration can be regarded as a rational adaptation to living conditions in rural and urban areas, since most migrants seem to have a higher living standard in the cities in comparison with their former situation in rural areas. A significant conclusion is that informal solutions are important for solving migrants' housing and subsistence problems. The informal sector is interpreted as an integrated and often dynamic element in the urban economy, rather than as an indicator of over-urbanization. The study provides empirical support for a conjecture termed metropolitan informal sector pull, in which the informal sector of Lima is a major part of the magnet that pulls people from the rural areas and generates metropolitan growth and migration in Peru. Keywords: Migration, Urbanization, Informal sector, Third World, Peru, Metropolitan growth, Urban pull. Geographical Reports No 9. Department of Geography, University of Umeå , Sweden ISSN 0349-4683 ISBN 91-7174-329-4 Metropolitan Growth and Migration in Peru by Gunnar Malmberg Errata Page Line For Read 29 1 (see Chapter 2.3.2) (see Chapter 2.3.3) 46 8 3.4.1 3.3.1 65 1 popuhion population 69 18 an features important features 70 21 Sierra 72 Sierra (Censo 1961 & 1972). SO 1 Produccion Production S2 4 country high where country where 82 17 Vernon (1962) Vernon (1966) S6 13 despite an the despite the 90 23 Estmated Estimated 1 103 13 land13 land reform * 112 •> total rest of the 112 18 corresponds is more corresponds more 113 17 44.3 42.3 117 22 Cento 1981. Censo 1981, Sulmont and Yepez (1983:68) IIS 14 to underrepresented to be underrepresented 118 20 4.2.6 4.2.5 127 4 feast- feast 157 29 section section® 48% 161 12 84% m 174 25 limehos ü limehos 181 6 Wirth's (1938) Wirth's (1971) 194 20 Vigil Gonzalez Vigil 201 26 R-values R--values 204 1,24 R-values R^-values 204 Coefficients and R2-value for 976-81 should be: -1.77,0.89, 0.68, 1.30, F, 0.48, 0.36, F, F, F. 0.786 221 6 Figure 5.6 Figure 7.1 224 15 Seventeen Fifteen 225 3 How old are they? How old are you? 233 1 34 57 234 27 population but living . population living 235 14 i.ej i.e: 238 15 (PijtO) (PjitO) 241 1 24 25 243 9 neutral central 257 20 Friedman J. (1986) Friedman J. (1987) Development Dialogue. The right lo the city, in Development Dialogue. Uppsala 146 Delete last line. 26: -263: Incorrect alphabetical order Q should of course have followed P. References to wrong editions References toe Should be: Craig 1968 Craig 1969 Gilbert &. Gugler (1982) Gilbert &. Gugler (1981) Jorgenson (1969) Jorgenson (1970) Long 1977 Long 1982 Todaro (1982) Todaro (1981) Omissions in bibliography: •Censo Economico (1963 & 1973y. Instituto Nacional de Estadistica. -Cuentas Kacionales (1981) con anexo del periodo 1978-81. Instituto Nacional de Planificacion. Lima. • Figueroa A. (1974); Estructura del Consumo y Distribucion de lngresos en Lima Metropolitana, 1968-1969. Pontificia Universidad Catolica. Lima. -Marliniere G. (1978): Les ameriques latines - une histoire économique. Grenoble. -Roberts (1977): Center and periphery in the development process: the case of Peru, second edition, in Third World urbanization, ed. Abu-Lughod & Hay. Mcthucn. London. CONTENTS page 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 BACKGROUND 1 1.2 AIMS 3 1.3 METHODS AND SOURCES 5 1.4 OUTLINE OF THE STUDY 10 2 THEORY 12 2.1 DEVELOPMENT THEORY AND THIRD-WORLD URBANIZATION 12 2.2 THE URBAN INFORMAL SECTOR 19 2.3 MIGRATION THEORIES AND THIRD-WORLD URBANIZATION 25 2.3.1 Individual Migration Theories 25 2.3.2 Structural Migration Theories 27 2.3.3 Migration and Informal Sector 33 3 PRECONDITIONS FOR URBANIZATION IN PERU 36 3.1 URBANIZATION AND POPULATION GROWTH 36 3.2 GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS 42 3.3 RURAL CHANGE 46 3.3.1 The Traditional Socio-Economic Structure 46 3.3.2 The Disruption of the Traditional Socio-Economic Structure in Rural Areas 53 3.3.3 Reforms in the Agrarian Society 59 3.3.4 Cultural Change 63 3.3.5 Contemporary Socio-Economic Structure in Rural Areas 68 3.4 GROWTH AND CHANGE IN NON-AGRARIAN- SECTORS 76 3.4.1 Economic Growth 76 3.4.2 The Export Sector 76 3.4.3 The Industrial Sector 79 3.4.4 The Tertiary Sector 83 3.4.5 Some Effects of the Changes in Non- Agrarian Sectors 85 3.5 CONCLUSIONS 88 4 MIGRATION IN PERU 90 4.1 MIGRATION FROM A MACRO-PERSPECTIVE 90 4.1.1 Peruvian Migration in the 20-th Century 90 4.1.2 Migration and Socio-Economic Change 98 4.1.3 Migration and Rural Change 102 4.1.4 Migration and Urban Change 105 4.1.5 Questions and Hypotheses 109 4.2 THE MIGRANTS 110 4.2.1 Age and Family Situation 110 4.2.2 Sex Distribution 112 4.2.3 Former Occupations 115 4.2.4 Education and Ethnicity 116 4.2.5 Some Concluding Remarks 118 4.3 MIGRATION FROM A MICRO-PERSPECTIVE 120 4.3.1 The Micro Approach 120 4.3.2 Biographies 120 4.3.3 Origins 124 4.3.4 Contacts 126 4.3.5 The Migrants' Image of the City 130 4.3.6 The Way to the City 132 4.3.7 Arriving in the City 136 4.3.8 Some Concluding Remarks 137 5 THE METROPOLIS AND THE MIGRANTS 139 5.1 INTRODUCTION 139 5.2 HOUSING PROBLEMS IN THE GROWING METROPOLIS 143 5.2.1 Urban Growth 143 5.2.2 The Slum 146 5.3 THE URBAN LABOUR MARKET 157 5.3.1 The Secondary Sector 157 5.3.2 The Tertiary Sector 161 5.3.3 The Informal Sector 163 5.3.4 Street-selling and Output from the Informal Sector 165 5.3.5 Input in the Informal Sector 169 5.3.6 The Role of the Informal Sector 170 5.4 THE ASSIMILATION OF MIGRANTS 172 5.4.1 Biographies 172 5.4.2 The Migrants and the Housing Problem 174 5.4.3 Social and Cultural Assimilation of Migrants 177 5.4.4 The Assimilation of Migrants on the Urban Labour Market 181 5.4.5 Some Concluding Remarks 187 6 MODELLING MIGRATION 189 6.1 ASSUMPTIONS 190 6.2 DATA SOURCES AND PERIODS 193 6.3 THE ANALYSIS 196 6.4 RESULTS 198 6.5 EFFECTS OF EARLIER MIGRATION 208 6.6 ANALYSIS OF RESIDUALS 209 6.7 CONCLUSIONS 210 7 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 213 APPENDIX 1 222 AN INTERVIEW STUDY IN LIMA'S SLUM AREAS 222 APPENDIX 2 234 ESTIMATING THE INTERDEPARTMENTAL GROSS MIGRATION 234 NOTES 241 CHAPTER 1 241 CHAPTER 2 242 CHAPTER 3 243 CHAPTER 4 246 CHAPTER 5 249 CHAPTER 6 250 BIBLIOGRAPHY 253 PREFACE A study trip to Peru in the spring of 1979 first awoke my interest in Peruvian society.