Agropastoralists under the threat of ecological and economic changes Korahe Agropastoral Livelihood Zone (Sorghum and Cattle and Shoats) Sheygosh, Kebri‐dahar and Dobowein Districts of Korahe Zone, Somali National Regional State, Ethiopia Dagah-bour Zone Sheygosh Fik Zone Warder Zone Kebri‐dahar Korahe Zone Gode Dobowein Zone Shilabo Faafan Valley Agropastoral LZ (sorghum and cattle) Somalia Gode/ Korahe Pastoral LZ (Camel, shoats, cattle) Lowland Pastoral LZ (Camel, shoats & Birkad dependent) An HEA Baseline Study By SC‐UK, DPPB and Partners March, 2004 Sponsored by USAID/OFDA and ECHO, with additional financial support from SC‐Canada and WFP Assessment Team Name of the participant Position Organization Role Abdi‐fatah Ahmed Ismail FSA SC‐UK, Jijiga Technical assistance and Report write‐up Abdul‐Ilah Ugas ZFSO SC‐UK, Korahe Team‐leader Mohamed Dahir A. Kadir ZFSO SC‐UK, Warder Team member Hassen Mohammed EW Expert DPPD, Korahe Team member Kafi Mohamed Garuf EW Expert DPPD, Warder Team member LZ 11 Korahe Agropastoral i Table of Contents Assessment Team............................................................................................................................i Table of Contents............................................................................................................................ii Figures, Tables & Maps ................................................................................................................iii Terms and Acronyms ...................................................................................................................iv 1. Executive Summary .............................................................................................5 2. Introduction ..........................................................................................................7 2.1 Purpose of the study ...................................................................................................................... 7 2.2 Methodology................................................................................................................................... 8 3. Background ...........................................................................................................9 3.1 Geographical location of Korahe.................................................................................................. 9 3.2 Agro Ecology, Geology, & Water................................................................................................. 9 3.3 History ........................................................................................................................................... 18 3.4 Population ..................................................................................................................................... 21 3.5 Infrastructure & Social Services ................................................................................................. 21 3.6 Other Activities in the Zone........................................................................................................ 31 3.7 Other issues in the Zone.............................................................................................................. 32 3.8 Livelihood Zones in the Administrative District..................................................................... 33 4. Food Economies..................................................................................................36 4.1 The Livelihood Zone.................................................................................................................... 36 4.2 Historical Timeline....................................................................................................................... 38 4.3 Seasonal Calendar ........................................................................................................................ 41 4.4 Other information particular to the LZ ..................................................................................... 42 4.5 Wealth Breakdown....................................................................................................................... 50 4.6 Food Sources in the Reference Year........................................................................................... 52 4.7 Income Sources in the Reference Year....................................................................................... 53 4.8 Expenditure Patterns in the Reference Year ............................................................................. 54 4.9 Current Situation.......................................................................................................................... 56 5. Vulnerabilities, Risks & Coping.....................................................................58 6. Indicators to monitor.........................................................................................60 7. Conclusions & Recommendations..................................................................62 7.1 Conclusions................................................................................................................................... 62 7.2 Recommendations........................................................................................................................ 62 8. References............................................................................................................64 9. Appendices..........................................................................................................65 9.1 HEA Methodology....................................................................................................................... 65 9.2 Note on Somali Traditional Calendar........................................................................................ 68 9.3 List of Kebeles in Korahe Agropastoral Livelihood Zone ...................................................... 70 9.4 Other Information ........................................................................................................................ 71 LZ 11 Korahe Agropastoral ii Figures, Tables & Maps Figure 1 ‐ Population Distribution of LZ 11 per District.................................................................... 36 Figure 2 ‐ Seasonal Calendar for Korahe Agropastoral LZ ................................................................ 41 Figure 3 ‐ Wealth Groups in Korahe Agropastoral LZ........................................................................ 50 Figure 4 ‐ Food Sources for all Wealth Groups in Korahe Agropastoral LZ................................... 52 Figure 5 ‐ Food Basket for all Wealth Groups in Korahe Agropastoral LZ..................................... 53 Figure 6 ‐ Income Totals for all Wealth Groups in Korahe Agropastoral LZ................................. 53 Figure 7 ‐ Income Sources for all Wealth Groups in Korahe Agropastoral LZ .............................. 54 Figure 8 ‐ Expenditure Totals for all Wealth Groups in Korahe Agropastoral LZ ........................ 54 Figure 9 ‐ Expenditure Pattern for all Wealth Groups in Korahe Agropastoral LZ ...................... 55 Figure 10 ‐ Proportional Expenditure on Food for all Wealth Groups in Korahe Agropastoral LZ ............................................................................................................................................................... 55 Figure 11 – Prices and Terms of Trade in Kebridahar Market (2001 – 2003)................................... 76 Table 1 ‐ Livelihood Zones in Korahe Administrative Zone............................................................. 34 Table 2 ‐ Coverage of Korahe Agropastoral LZ.................................................................................... 36 Table 3 ‐ Historical Timeline for Korahe Agropastoral LZ................................................................ 39 Table 4 ‐ Seasonal rivers important for flood recession farming ..................................................... 44 Table 5 ‐ Wealth Characteristics............................................................................................................. 50 Table 6 ‐ Vulnerabilities, Risks & Coping Strategies per Wealth Group ....................................... 58 Table 7 ‐ Monitoring Indicators for Korahe Agropastoral LZ........................................................... 60 Table 8 ‐ Permanent water sources in Korahe zone ............................................................................ 71 Table 9 ‐ Chronically water insecure areas of Korahe Zone.............................................................. 72 Table 10 ‐ The medical staff of Kebri‐dahar Hospital ........................................................................ 73 Table 11 ‐ Endemic human diseases and their seasonality................................................................ 73 Table 12 ‐ Endemic livestock diseases and their seasonality ............................................................ 74 Table 13 ‐ Distribution of schools by grade in Korahe zone............................................................. 75 Map 1 – Livelihood Zones in Korahe administrative Zone............................................................... 35 LZ 11 Korahe Agropastoral iii Terms and Acronyms ACF Action Contre La Faim Flooding of the agricultural plains inside the Fafan valley by the Fafan River, when Banjab the flood flow covers the Korahe bridge for 24 consecutive hours Biile A grass