PENNSYLVANIA ARCHAEOLOGICAL DATA SYNTHESIS: The Raccoon Creek Watershed (Watershed D of the Ohio River Subbasin 20) Bridge Replacement Project T-319 Beaver County Bridge No. 36 (Links Bridge) Independence Township, Beaver County, PA Prepared for Pennsylvania Department of Transportation Engineering District 11-0 Submitted by GAI Consultants, Inc. 570 Beatty Road Monroeville, PA 15146-1300 GAI Project No. 2002-441-10 DECEMBER 2003 PENNSYLVANIA ARCHAEOLOGICAL DATA SYNTHESIS: The Raccoon Creek Watershed (Watershed D of the Ohio River Subbasin 20) Bridge Replacement Project T-319 Beaver County Bridge No. 36 (Links Bridge) Independence Township, Beaver County, PA Prepared for Pennsylvania Department of Transportation Engineering District 11-0 Written by ___________________________ Douglas H. MacDonald, Ph.D., RPA Lead Archaeologist With Contributions by Jonathan C. Lothrop, Ph.D, RPA David L. Cremeens, Ph.D., C.P.S.S. GAI Consultants, Inc. 570 Beatty Road Monroeville, PA 15146-1300 GAI Project No. 2002-441-10 DECEMBER 2003 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................ii List of Photographs....................................................................................................................................... v Acknowledgements.....................................................................................................................................vii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION AND PROJECT SUMMARY............................................................................ 1 A. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................................1 B. PROJECT SETTING ................................................................................................................................................1 C. PREHISTORY OF THE RACCOON CREEK WATERSHED: AN INTRODUCTION ...........................................................3 CHAPTER II PROJECT LOCATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING ...................................................... 5 A. DRAINAGE ...........................................................................................................................................................5 B. PHYSIOGRAPHY AND LANDFORMS (BY D.L. CREMEENS).....................................................................................6 C. GEOLOGY (BY D.L. CREMEENS) .........................................................................................................................8 D. PREHISTORIC LITHIC SOURCES ............................................................................................................................9 E. PALEOENVIRONMENTS.......................................................................................................................................12 CHAPTER III BACKGROUND AND KEY PROJECTS ............................................................................... 15 A. PASS FILES DATA .............................................................................................................................................15 B. KEY PROJECTS...................................................................................................................................................15 C. SUMMARY AND INTRODUCTION TO PREHISTORY CHAPTERS..............................................................................19 CHAPTER IV PALEOINDIAN PERIOD..................................................................................................... 21 A. PALEOINDIAN OVERVIEW ..................................................................................................................................21 B. PALEOINDIAN MATERIAL CULTURE, CHRONOLOGY, AND SUBSISTENCE ............................................................21 C. PALEOINDIAN SITES ...........................................................................................................................................25 D. PALEOINDIAN SETTLEMENT PATTERNS AND LITHIC RAW MATERIAL USE .........................................................31 E. RESEARCH ISSUES .............................................................................................................................................32 CHAPTER V EARLY ARCHAIC PERIOD................................................................................................ 35 A. EARLY ARCHAIC MATERIAL CULTURE AND CHRONOLOGY ...............................................................................35 B. EARLY ARCHAIC ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES ........................................................................................................36 C. EARLY ARCHAIC SETTLEMENT PATTERNS AND LITHIC RAW MATERIAL USE ....................................................39 D. EARLY ARCHAIC: CONCLUSION AND RESEARCH QUESTIONS.............................................................................39 CHAPTER VI MIDDLE ARCHAIC PERIOD ............................................................................................. 41 A. MIDDLE ARCHAIC OVERVIEW............................................................................................................................41 B. MIDDLE ARCHAIC MATERIAL CULTURE AND CHRONOLOGY.............................................................................41 C. MIDDLE ARCHAIC ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE TYPES AND LOCATION TRENDS ......................................................42 D. MIDDLE ARCHAIC SETTLEMENT PATTERNS AND LITHIC RAW MATERIAL USE ..................................................45 E. MIDDLE ARCHAIC: CONCLUSION AND RESEARCH QUESTIONS...........................................................................47 PA Prehistoric Data Synthesis, Raccoon Creek Watershed i CHAPTER VII LATE ARCHAIC PERIOD .................................................................................................. 49 A. LATE ARCHAIC OVERVIEW ................................................................................................................................49 B. LATE ARCHAIC MATERIAL CULTURE, SUBSISTENCE, AND CHRONOLOGY ..........................................................49 C. LATE ARCHAIC SITE TYPES AND LOCATION TRENDS .........................................................................................53 D. LATE ARCHAIC SETTLEMENT PATTERNS AND LITHIC RAW MATERIAL USE .......................................................64 E. LATE ARCHAIC: CONCLUSION AND RESEARCH QUESTIONS ...............................................................................66 CHAPTER VIII EARLY WOODLAND PERIOD .......................................................................................... 69 A. EARLY WOODLAND OVERVIEW .........................................................................................................................69 B. EARLY WOODLAND MATERIAL CULTURE AND CHRONOLOGY ...........................................................................69 C. EARLY WOODLAND, SUBSISTENCE, SITE TYPES, AND LOCATION TRENDS.........................................................73 D. EARLY WOODLAND SETTLEMENT PATTERNS AND LITHIC RAW MATERIAL USE ................................................83 E. EARLY WOODLAND: CONCLUSION AND RESEARCH QUESTIONS ........................................................................84 CHAPTER IX MIDDLE WOODLAND PERIOD......................................................................................... 87 A. MIDDLE WOODLAND OVERVIEW .......................................................................................................................87 B. MIDDLE WOODLAND MATERIAL CULTURE AND CHRONOLOGY .........................................................................87 C. MIDDLE WOODLAND SITE TYPES, LOCATIONS, AND SETTLEMENT ....................................................................89 D. MIDDLE WOODLAND LITHIC RAW MATERIAL USE.............................................................................................93 E. MIDDLE WOODLAND: OVERVIEW AND RESEARCH ISSUES .................................................................................93 CHAPTER X LATE WOODLAND PERIOD.............................................................................................. 95 A. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................................95 B. LATE WOODLAND MATERIAL CULTURE, CHRONOLOGY, AND KEY REGIONAL SITES.........................................95 C. LATE WOODLAND SITES IN WATERSHED D........................................................................................................98 D. LATE WOODLAND LITHICS AND SETTLEMENT..................................................................................................100 E. LATE WOODLAND: SUMMARY AND RESEARCH QUESTIONS.............................................................................102 CHAPTER XI SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION ....................................................................................... 104 A. DEMOGRAPHY AND SETTLEMENT ....................................................................................................................104 B. LITHIC RAW MATERIAL USE AND SETTLEMENT PATTERNS..............................................................................106 C. CONCLUSION: FUTURE AVENUES OF RESEARCH IN WATERSHED D, SUBBASIN 20...........................................106