NAT. HIST. BUL L. SIAM So c. 33 (2) : 61-101 ，1985. BIGNONIACEAE OF MAINLAND SOUTH':'EAST ASIA Th awatchai Santisuk* ABSTRACT The The complete enumeration of 14 genera 佃 d 36 species of the family Bignoniaceae of of mainland South-East Asia is given ，with identification keys to genera 卸 d species. The The geographic a1 distribution and ecology of the bignonaceous genera 叩 d species concerned concerned are briefly discussed ， and distribution maps of the members of the family are provided. provided. INTRODUCTION The term “mainland South-East Asia" in this work implies Burma ， Thailand ，Cambodia ，Laos ，Vietnam ，and peninsular Malaysiaσig.l). 百lese countries ， except for Malaysia ， share a common floristic component ，particularly of the the family Bignoniaceae. Following Following the up-to-date taxonomic revisions of Bignoniaceae for the Flore du Cambodge ，du Laos et du Viet-Nam (Santisuk & Vidal ，1985) ， the Flora of Thailand Thailand (Santisuk ， in press) ，and the Flora Malesiana (Steenis ，1977) ，it is felt that all the the scattered information on Bignoniaceae indigenous to the mainland SE. Asia should should be brought into conformity. In addition to these floras ， other useful taxonomic accounts ，conspectus ，and enumerations of certain groups of the As ian Bignoniaceae Bignoniaceae were freely consulted ， including Chatterjee (1948) ， Santisuk (1974 ， 1985) 佃 d Steenis (1976). Hence ， the keys to genera 叩 d species of Bignoniaceae in the mainland mainland SE. Asia have been combined. The reconstructed keys ，though artificial ， are are informative and explanatory. In addition ， the geographical distribution and ecology ecology of Bignoniaceae 町 e briefly summarized. The distributional ranges of certain bignoniaceous bignoniaceous plants have also been mapped (Figs. 2・17). DISTRIBUTION The family Bignoniaceae comprises about 120 genera and some 650 species ， mostly mostly tropical and subtropical ， with a few genera in the w 町 m temperate regions (e.g. (e.g. Catalpa) and subtropical alpine (Incarvillea). The family is divided into three major tribes: Bignonieae ，Tecomeae 卸 d Crescentieae. The last tribe ， with 1・celled fruits ， occurs in Africa and the Am ericas. The Bignonieae are predominantly Am erican ，whilst the Tecomeae have about an equal number of genera in the Old and New Worlds. • The Forest Herbarium ，Roy a1 Forest De partment ，Bangkok 1α 削， Th ailand. 61 61 62 THAWATCHAI SANTISUK 100 105 110 ,. /~ '·~--·""/ ...... ---~ ----·I 25 BURMA 20 1 15 i I... 0 10 ·. 5 0 Figure I. Map showing the geographical area of mainland South-East Asia (Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, and peninsular Malaysia BIGNONIACEAE OF MAINLAND SOUTH-EAST ASIA 63 The family is represented in the mainland SE. Asia by 14 genera 制 d 36 species species (Table 1). Three genera are endemic to the region ，viz. Barnettia in Thailand ， Hieris Hieris in Malaysia ，and Pauldopia in Burma ，Thailand ， Laos and Vietnam. Of the remaining remaining genera ， 7 町 e distributed in tropical Asia only: D 匂planchea. Heterophragma. Heterophragma. Millingtonia. Nyctocalos. Oroxylum. Pajanelia and Radermachera. whilst whilst Fernandoa. Markhamia and Stereo 高，permum are shared with tropical Africa. Only the genus Dolichandrone occurs in the Old World ，from the coast of Malab 町 throughout throughout tropical SE. Asia and the whole of Malesia ，tropical N. Australia ， Micronesia Micronesia to New Caledonia. ECOLOGY A fairly wide range of habitats is occupied by the family Bignoniaceae ， ranging ranging from arid environments in tropical N. Australia (e.g. Dolichandrone flliformis. flliformis. D. heterophy /l a) to the deciduous forests in the seasonal areas of the mainland mainland SE. Asia (e.g. Barnettia kerrii. B. pagetii. Dolichandrone serrulata. Fernandoa Fernandoa adenophy /l a. Heterophragma sulfureum. Millingtonia hortensis. Stereospermum Stereospermum chelonoides. S. colais. S. fimbriatum) arid tropical rain forests. (e.g. Dolichandrone Dolichandrone columnaris. Pajanelia longifolia. Radermachera hainanensia). They 訂 'e even represented in the mangrove formation (Dolichandrone 伊 athacea). The representatives representatives of Bignoniaceae in the mainland SE. Asia are ， in majority ， lowland tropica l. Only a few ascend higher elevations up to c. 1，∞ o m. (e.g. Markhamia stipulata stipulata var. kerrii. Pauldopia ghorta. Radermachera glandulosa. R_ hainanensis. R. sinica. sinica. Stereo 司，permum neuranthum). KEY TO THE GENERA OF BIGNONIACEAE IN THE MAINLAND SE. ASIA 1. 1. Woody lianas; leaves pinnately 3-f(¥liolate or 1・pinnate; capsules septicidally 2・valved 2. 2. Corolla almost actinomorphic ，salver-shaped ，straight ， with an 町 row cylindric basal basal tube; calyx truncate with 5 horn-like teeth; leaves pinnately 3-foliolate 3-foliolate 1. Nyctocalos 2. 2. Corolla zygomorphic ，tubular ，more or less geniculate above the cylindric basal tube ， the upper tube slightly curved; calyx inconspicuously 5・lobed ，just below the the margin with 5 spur-like ， upcurved teeth at the base of each lobe; leaves l-pinnate ，usually 5・foliolate 2. Hieris 1. 1. Trees ，rarely shrubs; leaves simple or pinnately compound; capsules septicidally 2・valved or loculicidally 2-valved 3. 3. Leaves simple ， in a whorl of 3-4， more or less tufted towards the end of branches; branches; corolla yellow ，tubular ， tube short ，slightly exceeding the calyx; didynamous didynamous stamens much exserted 3. Deplanchea 64 THAWATCHAI SANTISUK 3. 3. Leaves 1・or 2・3 (・ 4) ・pinnate 4. 4. Leaves 2・3( ・4) ・pinnate 5. 5. Capsules linear ，flattened or compressed ， at least 14 mm broad ，septicidally 2・valved; valves woody ，parallel to the flat septum 6. 6. Fl owers in an elongate ，stout; compact terminal raceme; corolla very thick thick and fleshy ，ventricose -c ampanulate ， with a very short cylindric basal basal tube; st 創 nens 5 ，all fertile ， not exserted; leaf underneath without domatia domatia 4. Oroxylum 6. 6. Flowers in a spreading terminal thyrse; corolla thin ， not fleshy ， salver-shaped ， with a very long ，slender ，cylindricallower tube; stamens 4， didynamous ， shortly exserted; leaf underne th with hairy domatia domatia 5. Mil lingtonia 5. 5. Capsules long ，elegant ，linear-terete or slightly compressed ，usually less than 14 14 mm broad ，tortuous ，loculicidally 2-valved; valves thin or rarely woody ， perpendicular perpendicular to the septum; septum terete ， corky or flat 創 ld thin 7. 7. Leaf rachis narrowly winged; septum flat and thin; seeds in 1-2 rows ， thick thick and woody ，wingless 6. Pauldopia 7. 7. Leaf rachis not winged; septum terete ，corky ， with shallow impression of seeds; seeds; seeds in several rows ，flat ，thin ， not woody ， at both ends with hyaline hyaline wings 7. Radermacheta 4. 4. Leaves l-pinnate 8. 8. Calyx regularly to irregularly 2・5・lobed or truncate to subtruncate ，rarely spathaceously spathaceously slit (Fernandoa collignonii) 9. 9. Septum of capsule terete ，corky; capsules long ，elegant ，linear-terete ， mostly tortuous ， 3-20 mm broad 10. 10. Septum undulating with shallow impression of seeds ， without conspicuous conspicuous d関 p notches; body of winged seed flat ， not grooved at 出e middle ， not embedded in the septum 7. Radermachera 10. 10. Septum with deep alternating notches; body of winged seed thick ， trigonous ， grooved at the middle ，embedded in the septum 8. 8. Stereospermum 9. 9. Septum of capsule broad and flat or cruciform; caps 叫es very coarse or woody terete ，angul 町・， terete to quadrangular-terete or wide lin 伺 r・oblong ， not not tortuous ，straight to curved or slightly twisted ，up to c. 9 cm broad 11. 11. Leaves decussate; sept 凶 n broad and flat without pseudoseptum 12. 12. Capsules flattened ， dagger-shaped ， oblanceolate ， broadly winged winged along the margins; leaf rachis with a sh 町 p ，keel-like ridge ridge above; leaflets 7-14 p前 s 9. Pajanelia 12. 12. Capsules terete ， ang 叫町・terete to quadrangular-terete ， not winged; winged; valves longitudinally ridged or ribbed; leaf rachis not keeled keeled above; leaflets less than 7 pairs 10. Femandoa 1. 11. Leaves 土 verticillate; septum cruciform ， true septum narrow ， pseudoseptum pseudoseptum broad BIGNONIACEAE OF MAINLAND SOUTH.EAST ASIA 65 13. 13. Leaflets 3-4 pairs ， subrotund or obtuse at the apex; undersurface of of leaflet ， and capsule adpressed stellate tomentose; capsules compressed ， broadly oblong up to 55 cm long 11. Heterophragma 13. 13. Leaflets 4・10 pairs ， acuminate at the apex ， glabrous on both sides; sides; capsules ellipsoid-oblong ， rarely exceeding 17 cm long ， glabrous ， with tuberculate ， warty to sessile glands 12. Barnettia 8. 8. Calyx conspicuously spathaceous ， opening on the anterior side to the base of the the tube; capsules always with cruciform septum 14. 14. Corolla very thick and fleshy ， dingy yellow to brownish red ，ventricose campanulate ， the cylindrical part of the tube very short ，enclosed within calyx ， limb strongly bilabiate; capsules deeply woolly ， floccose or glabrescent ，more or less tuberculate; a pair of pseudostipules usually conspicuous conspicuous 13. Markhamia 14. 14. Corolla thin ， not fleshy ，white ，funnel-shaped ， the lower cylindrical tube long long and slender ，much exceeding the calyx ， limb almost actinomorphic with with 5 subequal rounded lobes; capsules glabrous ， not tuberculate; pseudostipules pseudostipules lacking 14. Dolichandrone 1. 1. NYCTOCALOS Teijsm. & Binn. Three Three species in SE. Asia and West Malesia; 1 species in the mainland South-East South-East Asia. Nyctocalos Nyctocalos brunfelsiiflora Teijsm. & Binn. Syn.-