UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Transnational Youth: The Federation of Uruguayan University Students in the Early Cold War, 1941-1958 A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in History by Megan C. Strom Committee in charge: Professor Michael Monteón, Chair Professor Christine Hunefeldt Professor Everard Meade Professor Nancy Postero Professor Eric Van Young 2015 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Copyright Megan C. Strom, 2015 All rights reserved. The Dissertation of Megan C. Strom is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: ! ! Chair ! University of California, San Diego 2015 iii DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to my Mom, for her continual love, support, strength, and wisdom, and for being my first and most consistent teacher of social justice. ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page ............................................................................................................... iii Dedication ...................................................................................................................... iv Table of Contents ........................................................................................................... v List of Abbreviations .................................................................................................... vii List of Images .............................................................................................................. viii List of Tables ................................................................................................................. ix Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................ x Vita ............................................................................................................................. xvii Abstract of the Dissertation ....................................................................................... xviii Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1 Background and Introduction to the FEUU .................................................................. 12 Uruguay and The University of the Republic ........................................................... 12 Early Student Activism in Uruguay ......................................................................... 16 The founding of the FEUU ....................................................................................... 17 1930s Gabriel Terra Dictatorship ............................................................................. 20 Demographics and Statistics ..................................................................................... 23 Montevideo: A Cosmopolitan Capital ...................................................................... 25 Jornada: The FEUU’s official voice ........................................................................ 27 Tribuna Universitaria ................................................................................................ 31 University Reform .................................................................................................... 35 Chapter 2 Panorama Estudiantil: Building Transnational Solidarities in the Early Cold War ..... 50 World War II ............................................................................................................ 51 Late 1940s ................................................................................................................ 57 The Korean War, Tercerismo, and transnational activism ....................................... 59 Developing a Post-War Agenda ............................................................................... 62 The Southern Cone and the First Congress of Latin American Students (CLAE) ... 67 Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 78 Chapter 3 The FEUU and la misión social: Worker Solidarity and Tercerismo .......................... 80 La Misión Social ....................................................................................................... 81 The FEUU’s Early Student-Worker Solidarity ........................................................ 83 World War II + May Day ......................................................................................... 85 1950 Tercerismo Emerges ........................................................................................ 89 v 1958 Workers and University Reform .................................................................... 97 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 101 Chapter 4 Students and the State(s): The FEUU, Uruguay, and the United States ..................... 106 1930s and early 1940s ............................................................................................ 110 1947 – Intelligence and Liaison Service (SIE) ....................................................... 113 1959 – Fidel Castro in Montevideo ........................................................................ 121 1960 Eisenhower visit to Uruguay ......................................................................... 125 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 129 Chapter 5 (Mis)Representations and Public Discourse: The FEUU and the Press ..................... 135 Introduction to the Uruguayan press ...................................................................... 136 Flashpoint: 1941 ..................................................................................................... 141 The FEUU and Marcha .......................................................................................... 148 Flashpoint: 1950 and 1951 ..................................................................................... 152 Flashpoint: 1960 ..................................................................................................... 160 The Letters of “E.F. Labat” .................................................................................... 163 Students and the Public Sphere .............................................................................. 167 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 169 Appendix: Translation of Image 4 “Así Procede un Diario ‘Serio,’” .................... 175 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 178 Bibliography ............................................................................................................... 189 ! vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CIA Central Intelligence Agency, United States CLAE Congreso LatinoAmericano de Estudiantes (Congress of Latin American Students) COSEC Coordinating Secretariat of National Unions of Students OCLAE Organización Continental Latinoamericana y Caribeña de Estudiantes (Organization of Continental Latin American and Caribbean Students) FEUU Federación de Estudiantes Universitarios del Uruguay (Federation of Uruguayan University Students) FEP Federación de Estudiantes Paraguayos (Federation of Paraguayan Students) FUA Federación de Universitarios del Argentina (Federation of Argentinean University Students) ISC International Student Committee SIE Servicio de Inteligencia y Enlace, Uruguay (Intelligence and Liaison Service ) UdelaR Universidad de la República, Uruguay (University of the Republic) UIE Unión Internacional de Estudiantes (International Union of Students) UNE Unión Nacional de Estudiantes, Brazil (National Union of Students) USNSA United States National Student Association WAY World Assembly of Youth WFDY World Federation of Democratic Youth vii LIST OF IMAGES Image 1: Rooftop protest against Eisehnhower’s visit, 1960 ……………………….134 Image 2: Street view of protest against Eisenhower’s visit, 1960 …………….……134 Image 3: FEUU organizational chart, Jornada, 4 October, 1960 …………………..173 Image 4: “Así Procede un Diario ‘Serio,’” Jornada, 19 October 1960, UPPU …….174 viii LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Uruguay, Exports and Imports, 1900-1985, MOxLAD …………………….36 Table 2: Uruguay, Imports and Exports, 1929-1968, MOxLAD …………………….37 Table 3: Uruguay, Population and Demographics Chart, 1930-1970, MOxLAD ….. 38 Table 4: Uruguay, School enrollments, 1900-1985, MOxLAD ……………………. 39 Table 5: Uruguay, Population and Education, 1900-1985, MOxLAD ………………40 Table 6: Jornada publications, 1933-1960 …………………………………...……...41 ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Over the course of this project I have received support from a number of different places. At the University of California, San Diego, I am grateful to the Department of History as well as the Division of Arts and Humanities, the Institute for International, Comparative, and Area Studies (IICAS), and the Center for Iberian and Latin American Studies (CILAS), all of which helped fund research and travel to conferences in Uruguay, Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, and the United States. I am also grateful to Patricia Vargas and the Fulbright Institute of International Education (IIE) for making possible a nine-month residence