Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2003 Analytical study on flood induced seepage under river levees Senda Ozkan Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations Part of the Civil and Environmental Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Ozkan, Senda, "Analytical study on flood induced seepage under river levees" (2003). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 2342. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/2342 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please [email protected]. ANALYTICAL STUDY ON FLOOD INDUCED SEEPAGE UNDER RIVER LEVEES A Dissertation Submitted to Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering by Senda Ozkan B.S., Middle East Technical University, 1992 M.S., Louisiana State University, 1996 May 2003 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am very thankful to my main advisor, Dr. Dean Adrian. He always showed his full trust, encouragement and support to my efforts. With his vast guidance, I have experienced the joy of applied mathematics in my research. My appreciation also extends to my dissertation committee, Dr. Vijay Singh, Dr. Roger Seals, Dr. Mehmet Tumay and Dr. Nan Walker for their valuable guidance. I would like to thank the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) for funding this project through contract DACW39-99-C-0028, and Mr. George Sills, USACE Vicksburg District, who first suggested this research idea. I thank the support and understanding of my friends, co-workers, and my managers at Gulf Engineers and Consultants (GEC), Inc. I also thank Mr. William Luellen for his editorial reviews. I want to acknowledge Ms. Joan Adrian for her continuous support to my family. The Adrians became my second parents in the U.S. My special thanks go to my spouse, Ahmet who has supported me through all of my graduate studies. He has encouraged me and tried to make contributions at every step of my research. I also owe a lot to my parents and brothers for their inspiration and encouragement. And my very special thanks go to my little boy, Toros. I wouldn’t finish this research without his love, joy and cheers. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. ii ABSTRACT .....................................................................................................................v CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................1 1.1 Objectives ................................................................................................................5 1.2 Outline of Dissertation.............................................................................................6 1.2 Scope of Study .........................................................................................................7 CHAPTER 2 BACKGROUND AND LITERATURE REVIEW..........................................10 2.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................................10 2.2 Seepage Erosion ....................................................................................................10 2.3 Development of Underseepage and Sand Boils ....................................................14 2.3.1 Field Observations of Underseepage and Sand Boils................................15 2.3.2 Soil Properties Susceptible to Piping ........................................................20 2.4 Geology of Lower Mississippi River Valley and Its Influence on Levee Underseepage ........................................................................................................21 2.5 Previous Studies on Levee Underseepage Conducted by USACE........................27 2.6 Current Underseepage Analysis Methods..............................................................31 2.7 Analytical Studies on Transient Flow....................................................................32 2.8 Cumulative Effects.................................................................................................37 2.9 Summary and Concluding Remarks ......................................................................39 2.10 List of Symbols and Acronyms..............................................................................40 CHAPTER 3 TRANSIENT FLOW MODEL IN A CONFINED AQUIFER .................42 3.1 Introduction............................................................................................................42 3.2 Analytical Modeling of Transient Hydraulic Head in a Confined Aquifer by Laplace Transform Method....................................................................................43 3.3 Analytical Modeling of Transient Hydraulic Head in a Confined Aquifer by an Approximate Method.............................................................................................49 3.4 Results and Discussion ..........................................................................................51 3.5 Summary................................................................................................................60 3.6 List of Symbols......................................................................................................61 CHAPTER 4 TRANSIENT FLOW MODEL WITH LEAKAGE OUT OF A CONFINED AQUIFER.............................................................................64 4.1 Introduction............................................................................................................64 4.2 Analytical Modeling of Transient Hydraulic Head with Leakage Out of a Confined Aquifer by Laplace Transform Method .................................................64 4.3 Analytical Modeling of Transient Hydraulic Head with Leakage Out of a Confined Aquifer by an Approximate Method......................................................73 4.4 Results and Discussion ..........................................................................................75 4.5 Summary................................................................................................................90 4.6 List of Symbols......................................................................................................91 iii CHAPTER 5 CONSTRUCTION OF TRANSIENT FLOW NETS................................94 5.1 Introduction............................................................................................................94 5.2 Construction of Transient Flow Nets for Infinite Depth Aquifers........................95 5.3 Construction of Transient Flow Nets for Finite Depth Aquifers ........................100 5.4 Results and Discussion ........................................................................................104 5.5 Summary..............................................................................................................109 5.6 List of Symbols....................................................................................................109 CHAPTER 6 PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS ...............................................................112 6.1 Introduction..........................................................................................................112 6.2 Performance Analysis of Transient Flow Model in a Confined Aquifer.............117 6.3 Performance Analysis Transient Flow Model with Leakage Out of a ConfinedAquifer ..................................................................................................123 6.4 Summary and Conclusions ..................................................................................128 6.5 List of Symbols....................................................................................................130 CHAPTER 7 EVALUATION OF CUMULATIVE EFFECTS ....................................131 7.1 Introduction..........................................................................................................131 7.2 Cumulative Analysis for Underseepage in a Confined Aquifer ..........................133 7.3 Cumulative Analysis for Underseepage with Leakage Out of a Confined Aquifer .................................................................................................................139 7.4 Summary and Conclusions ..................................................................................147 CHAPTER 8 CONCLUDING REMARKS...................................................................149 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................153 APPENDIX A CALCULATIONS AND GRAPHS IN CHAPTER 3 AND 4 ..........160 APPENDIX B CALCULATIONS AND GRAPHS IN CHAPTER 5.......................174 APPENDIX C CALCULATIONS AND GRAPHS IN CHAPTER 6.......................180 APPENDIX D CALCULATIONS AND GRAPHS IN CHAPTER 7.......................199 VITA ..............................................................................................................................241 iv ABSTRACT A common and potentially dangerous