Environmental Science and Engineering Tropical Rainforests and Agroforests under Global Change Ecological and Socio-economic Valuations Bearbeitet von Teja Tscharntke, Christoph Leuschner, Edzo Veldkamp, Heiko Faust, Edi Guhardja, Arifuddin Bidin 1. Auflage 2010. Buch. xv, 519 S. Hardcover ISBN 978 3 642 00492 6 Format (B x L): 15,5 x 23,5 cm Gewicht: 1076 g Weitere Fachgebiete > Geologie, Geographie, Klima, Umwelt > Umweltwissenschaften > Erderwärmung, Klimawandel Zu Inhaltsverzeichnis schnell und portofrei erhältlich bei Die Online-Fachbuchhandlung beck-shop.de ist spezialisiert auf Fachbücher, insbesondere Recht, Steuern und Wirtschaft. Im Sortiment finden Sie alle Medien (Bücher, Zeitschriften, CDs, eBooks, etc.) aller Verlage. Ergänzt wird das Programm durch Services wie Neuerscheinungsdienst oder Zusammenstellungen von Büchern zu Sonderpreisen. Der Shop führt mehr als 8 Millionen Produkte. Biodiversity patterns and trophic interactions in human-dominated tropical landscapes in Sulawesi (Indonesia): plants, arthropods and vertebrates Yann Clough1∗, Stefan Abrahamczyk2, Marc-Oliver Adams1,3, Alam Anshary4, Nunik Ariyanti5, Lydia Betz1, Damayanti Buchori6, Daniele Cicuzza2,9, Kevin Darras7,1, Dadang Dwi Putra8, Brigitte Fiala3, S. Robbert Gradstein9, Michael Kessler2, Alexandra-Maria Klein1, Ramadhanil Pitopang10, Bandung Sahari11, Christoph Scherber1, Christian H. Schulze12, Shahabuddin4, Simone Sporn9, Kathrin Stenchly1, Sri S. Tjitrosoedirdjo5, Thomas C. Wanger1,13, Maria Weist1, Arno Wielgoss1,3, and Teja Tscharntke1 1 Agroecology, University of G¨ottingen, Waldweg 26, 37073 G¨ottingen, Germany 2 Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Z¨urich, Zollikerstrasse 107 CH-8008 Z¨urich, Switzerland 3 Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology (Zoology III), Biozentrum, University of W¨urzburg,Am Hubland, D-97074 W¨urzburg,Germany 4 Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tadulako, Palu, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia 5 Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University, Jalan Padjajaran, 16144 Bogor, West Java, Indonesia 6 Department of Plant Protection, Bogor Agricultural University, Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia 7 14 all´eede FrˆenesF-01210 Versonnex, France 8 Celebes Bird Club, Jl. Thamrin 63A, Palu, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia 9 Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute of Plant Sciences, University of G¨ottingen, Untere Karsp¨ule 2, D-37073 G¨ottingen, Germany 10 Herbarium Celebense (CEB), Tadulako University, Kampus Bumi Tadulako Palu, Central Sulawesi 94118, Indonesia 11 Peka Indonesia Foundation (Indonesian Nature Conservation Foundation)-Wildlife Trust Alliance. Jl. Uranus Blok H No 1 Perum IPB Sindang Barang 2, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia 12 Department of Population Ecology, Faculty Center of Biodiversity, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, A-1030 Vienna, Austria 13 Environment Institute, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, Australia *corresponding author: Y. Clough, email: [email protected] T. Tscharntke et al. (eds.), Tropical Rainforests and Agroforests under Global Change, Environmental Science and Engineering, 15–71, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-00493-3_2, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 16 Y. Clough et al. Summary The need to capture primary production in order to sustain and improve eco- nomic livelihoods has lead to increasing conversion of natural habitat and intensification of agricultural practices in many parts of the world including most tropical regions. Understanding how these processes affect ecosystems and their functioning, in particular in the high-diversity ecosystems of the tropics, has become a key issue in ecological research. In this chapter, our focus is on the agriculture-forest landscapes of Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, an island widely known for its endemic yet still poorly known flora and fauna. The rise of the region to one of the largest cacao producing areas in the world is at the core of recent land-use change and intensification processes. Covering plants (trees, rattan palms, herbs, bryophytes) and several inver- tebrate (ants, dung beetles, cacao insect herbivores, fruit-feeding butterflies, parasitic Hymenoptera, spiders) and vertebrate groups (amphibians, birds, murids, reptiles), we give an in-depth overview of the determinants of biodi- versity in cacao landscapes, including both management and landscape-scale variables into our analyses. Results show that shaded agroforests host a rich community of species. By adopting a large-scale study design we showed that proximity of natural forest is a key predictor for species richness of plants, invertebrates and vertebrates alike. Endemics and forest specialists benefit most from indigenous shade tree cover and proximity to natural forest. Im- portantly, several functionally important groups such as insectivorous and seed-dispersing birds benefit from tall shade trees, shade tree diversity and proximity to forest edge, while parasitoid diversity is greatest close to natural forests. Available data on the effects of landuse change in cacao landscape of Central Sulawesi is increasing. Change in landscape configuration and man- agement practices are being clearly reflected in the composition of species communities, with likely impacts on ecosystem services such as pest control and pollination. More knowledge is needed especially in terms of species in- teractions and ecosystem functioning, but also on how existing knowledge can contribute to effective conservation in human-dominated landscapes outside protected areas. Keywords: agricultural intensification, agroforestry, amphibians, ants, arthro- pods, bees, biodiversity, birds, bryophytes, butterflies, cacao, cocoa, commu- nity structure, Conopomorpha cramerella, decomposition, dung beetles, forest distance, fungal disease, herbivores, herbivory, herbs, Hymenoptera, insects, land-use change, landscape ecology, lianas, mammals, Muridae, Nymphalidae, parasitoids, pollination, plants, predation, rattan palms, rats, reptiles, shade trees, spiders, Theobroma cacao, trees, trophic interactions, vertebrates Biodiversity and trophic interations in tropical landscapes in Sulawesi 17 1 Introduction: Patterns of biodiversity and associated processes in changing landscapes Human activity has led to the modification of increasingly large tracts of the terrestrial biosphere, with estimates ranging up to 40% of the total area (Foley et al. 2005). While the expansion and intensification of agricultural activity is to a large degree made necessary by the high rate of increase in the world population, negative impacts on ecosystems may be tremendous. The disappearance of (near-) primary habitat is often associated with irreversible species losses, especially of rare and/or specialised species (e.g. Acebey et al. 2003, Owens and Bennett 2000). The intensive use of forest resources, expansion of agricultural activity into primary or near primary habitat, as well as land-use intensification are primary drivers for biodiversity loss (Sala et al. 2000). Conservationists therefore seek to promote the creation of pro- tected areas in which human activity is severely restricted, with a strong focus on those areas in the world containing the most, and the most unique bio- diversity (e.g. Myers et al. 2000). Land-use change is not just about losing species, though (Kaimowitz and Sheil 2007). It may seriously undermine the capacity of ecosystems to sustain food production, maintain freshwater and forest resources, regulate climate and air quality, and ameliorate infectious diseases, to cite Foley et al. (2005). The most biodiverse regions tend to be in tropical regions where high poverty, especially in rural areas, is paralleled by a strong dependence on natural resources, and thus the toughest fights for better livelihoods and improved conservation essentially share the same battleground (Chazdon et al. 2008, Kaimowitz and Sheil 2007). In comparison with natural habitats such as tropical forests, agricultural systems are much more simplified and harbour only a fraction of their biodi- versity, especially at larger scales (Kessler et al. 2009). The diversity of species in agricultural habitats may have important ecological functions, some not or barely recognised, even though the species assemblages may be poor and/or modified when compared with natural habitats. Yet, the interactions between organisms within agricultural habitats and at the margin to natural habitats are potentially of crucial importance for sustained agricultural production and thus economic livelihoods of the people involved (Daily et al. 2000, Matson et al. 1997, Ricketts et al. 2004). There is an urgent need to shift more attention to the role of species in the functioning of these ecosystems to understand the impacts of current and future land-use changes. Sulawesi is a key landmass within the Wallacea biogeographic region, one of the world’s biodiversity and endemism hotspots which makes it extremely valuable in terms of conservation (Cannon et al. 2007, Myers et al. 2000, Stattersfield et al. 1998, Whitten et al. 2002). The loss of forest habitat and forest degradation on this equatorial island (FWI/WRI/GFW 2002; Cannon et al. 2007) reflect the situation found in several countries of Southeast Asia: deforestation is still happening, possibly even at increasing rates (Achard et al. 2002, Koh 2007, Sodhi et al. 2004 , Sodhi et al. 2006), with new forms of 18 Y. Clough et al. land-use gaining ground. While the progression of oil palm plantation has so far been less