AIU Global Review Volume 3 2011 Published by Akita International University Press Akita, Japan 2011 Editorial Board Editor-in-chief: NAKAJIMA Mineo, Ph.D. Editor: C. Kenneth Quinones, Ph.D. Assistant Editor: Percival Santos, Ph.D. Editorial Assistant: SARUTA Naoko ISSN 1883-8243 © COPYRIGHT 2011 Akita International University Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Publisher: NAKAJIMA Mineo Akita International University Press Akita city, Yuwa, Japan 010-1292 HTTP://www.aiu.ac.jp. Tel : 81-18 886-5905 Fax: 81-18-886-5910 Printed in Japan Editorial Board Editor-in-chief: NAKAJIMA Mineo, Ph.D. Editor: C. Kenneth Quinones, Ph.D. Assistant Editor: Percival Santos, Ph.D. Editorial Assistant: SARUTA Naoko ISSN 1883-8243 © COPYRIGHT 2011 Akita International University Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Publisher: NAKAJIMA Mineo Akita International University Press Akita city, Yuwa, Japan 010-1292 HTTP://www.aiu.ac.jp. Tel : 81-18 886-5905 Fax: 81-18-886-5910 Printed in Japan iii Publisher’s Preface NAKAJIMA Mineo, Ph.D. President, Akita International University The AIU Global Review, like its host institution Akita International University (AIU), is a work in progress. Both endeavors are pioneering efforts designed to promote the “globalization” of university education and scholarship in Japan. The Review’s primary goal is to provide an English language forum for the publication of papers that present the results of original academic research. Being a “global” review, scholars regardless of nationality and academic discipline are invited to submit manuscripts for consideration for publication in the Review. Their research may be conducted in any language, but the results of the research must be presented in English, now considered the leading global language. The process of globalization includes the continuing process of establishing universal standards for education and scholarship. As a truly international university, AIU’s academic standards must conform to the norms and values as defined by the international academic community. An additional goal of the Review is to demonstrate that the AIU faculty is in fact accomplishing scholarship of the highest international standard. This is only the third issue of the AIU Global Review since its inception in 2009. But in this issue, one will find contributions from scholars in Japan, the United Kingdom, the United States and Korea. Similarly their topics range from examining topics in history, law, political science to the teaching of the Japanese and English languages. To ensure conformity with international academic standards, each article has undergone careful scrutiny by at least two highly qualified academic reviewers. Approximately half of the manuscripts submitted for consideration were accepted for publication. Those accepted were then revised per peer reviewer comments. Publisher’s Preface NAKAJIMA Mineo, Ph.D. President, Akita International University The AIU Global Review, like its host institution Akita International University (AIU), is a work in progress. Both endeavors are pioneering efforts designed to promote the “globalization” of university education and scholarship in Japan. The Review’s primary goal is to provide an English language forum for the publication of papers that present the results of original academic research. Being a “global” review, scholars regardless of nationality and academic discipline are invited to submit manuscripts for consideration for publication in the Review. Their research may be conducted in any language, but the results of the research must be presented in English, now considered the leading global language. The process of globalization includes the continuing process of establishing universal standards for education and scholarship. As a truly international university, AIU’s academic standards must conform to the norms and values as defined by the international academic community. An additional goal of the Review is to demonstrate that the AIU faculty is in fact accomplishing scholarship of the highest international standard. This is only the third issue of the AIU Global Review since its inception in 2009. But in this issue, one will find contributions from scholars in Japan, the United Kingdom, the United States and Korea. Similarly their topics range from examining topics in history, law, political science to the teaching of the Japanese and English languages. To ensure conformity with international academic standards, each article has undergone careful scrutiny by at least two highly qualified academic reviewers. Approximately half of the manuscripts submitted for consideration were accepted for publication. Those accepted were then revised per peer reviewer comments. v It is my earnest hope that you will find this and future issues of the AIU Global Review rewarding reading. I encourage you to join this work in progress by submitting your own manuscript for publication. CONTENTS Publisher’s Preface: NAKAJIMA Mineo, President, Akita International University………………………. ……………...........v List of Contributors ………………………………………………………….…….. ………...ix Submission of Manuscripts …………………………………………….………. ……….....................xii Papers: Once We Were Warriors: The Re-awakening of the Samurai Tradition During the 1868 Boshin War’s Akita-Shonai Campaign. Stephen TURNBULL………………. ……….. …...….1 Japan’s Nationality Act Case of 2008: Its Social and Political Context. AKIBA Takeshi……………………. ………….. …......42 Meiji Law and the Suppression of Folk Theatre. Darren ASHMORE………………………. …………………... …..62 Surviving Hiroshima. CHUNG Kyung-soo.............. ……….. ......79 The Two Koreas - Is a Second Korean War Inevitable? C. Kenneth QUINONES…………… ......................... ………... .....88 A New System for Teaching Japanese Pitch Patterns. WATANABE Seiji ….………………….................. ………….....104 Anthropology in an EFL Context: Can it Improve Students’ Linguistic Competence? Percival SANTOS ……………….. …119 vi It is my earnest hope that you will find this and future issues of the AIU Global Review rewarding reading. I encourage you to join this work in progress by submitting your own manuscript for publication. CONTENTS Publisher’s Preface: NAKAJIMA Mineo, President, Akita International University………………………. ……………...........v List of Contributors ………………………………………………………….…….. ………...ix Submission of Manuscripts …………………………………………….………. ……….....................xii Papers: Once We Were Warriors: The Re-awakening of the Samurai Tradition During the 1868 Boshin War’s Akita-Shonai Campaign. Stephen TURNBULL………………. ……….. …...….1 Japan’s Nationality Act Case of 2008: Its Social and Political Context. AKIBA Takeshi……………………. ………….. …......42 Meiji Law and the Suppression of Folk Theatre. Darren ASHMORE………………………. …………………... …..62 Surviving Hiroshima. CHUNG Kyung-soo.............. ……….. ......79 The Two Koreas - Is a Second Korean War Inevitable? C. Kenneth QUINONES…………… ......................... ………... .....88 A New System for Teaching Japanese Pitch Patterns. WATANABE Seiji ….………………….................. ………….....104 Anthropology in an EFL Context: Can it Improve Students’ Linguistic Competence? Percival SANTOS ……………….. …119 vii Book Review: by KURASHINA Itsuki Tetsuya TOYODA, Theory and Politics of the Law of Nations: List of Contributors Political Bias in International Law – Discourses of Seven German (Alphabetical Order by Surname) Court Councilors in the 17th and 18th Century. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 2011…………………………………..……133 AKIBA Takeshi Assistant Professor of Global Studies, AIU. Ph.D. University of California (Berkeley, USA), American political science. His academic interests focus on the “equal protection of law” and the meaning of citizenship under the U.S. and Japanese constitutions. A future publication will examine the role of judges and constitutional interpretations of Japan’s Nationality Act Case of 2008. Darren-Jon ASHMORE Coordinator for Japan Studies and Associate Professor of Basic Education, AIU. Ph.D. University of Sheffield (UK), East Asian Studies. His main area of research is the survival and revival of Japanese theatre arts with a special interest in puppet theatre history. CHUNG Kyung-soo Professor of Mathematics, University of Hawaii, Ph.D. Seoul National University (Korea). Born in Hiroshima to Korean residents of Japan, he survived the World War II atomic bombing His family then returned to Korea. Drafted into the South Korean army, he survived the Korean War, completed his education and taught mathematics as the (South) Korean Military Academy until immigrating to the United States. viii Book Review: by KURASHINA Itsuki Tetsuya TOYODA, Theory and Politics of the Law of Nations: List of Contributors Political Bias in International Law – Discourses of Seven German (Alphabetical Order by Surname) Court Councilors in the 17th and 18th Century. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 2011…………………………………..……133 AKIBA Takeshi Assistant Professor of Global Studies, AIU. Ph.D. University of California (Berkeley, USA), American political science. His academic interests focus on the “equal