Fachbereich Wirtschaftswissenschaft Corporate Responsibility Cluster Potential in a Rainforest Region - Autoparts Made of Natural Fibers in Brazil - Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde durch den Promotionsausschuss Dr. rer. pol. der Universität Bremen vorgelegt von Kátia Cilene Rodrigues Madruga Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. H.-D. Haasis Zweitgutachterin: Prof. Dr. Adelheid Biesecker Bremen, 10.01.2005 Forschung gefördert durch den Katholischen Akademischen Ausländer-Dienst (KAAD ) To Alex, Norma and Rubens I Acknowledgements I would like to thank the evaluators of this thesis, especially my supervisor, Prof. Dr. Haasis, for his comments and suggestions. They are not responsible, however, for any of its conclusions. I also would like to thank the contact persons from the researched organisations. Last, but not least, I want to thank the Katholischer Akademischer Ausländer-Dienst (KAAD) for the financial support to the research project. II Contents Contents List of Figures and Tables .........................................................................................................................V List of Annexes ..........................................................................................................................................VI Introduction ................................................................................................................................................7 1 Investigation Problem .............................................................................................................................9 1.1 Problem........................................................................................................................................9 1.2 Motivation...................................................................................................................................11 1.3 Methodology...............................................................................................................................12 2 Literature Review...................................................................................................................................15 2.1 Corporate Social Responsibility: an Overview............................................................................15 2.1.1 Corporate Social Responsibility and Competitiveness of Emerging Markets. .............25 2.1.2 Corporate Responsibility Clusters and Regional Competitiveness..............................28 2.2 Automobile Industry in Emerging Markets..................................................................................33 2.2.1 The Brazilian Automobile Industry...............................................................................38 2.2.2 Environmental Management in the Brazilian Automobile Industry...............................43 2.3 The North of Brazil: the Amazon Region....................................................................................45 2.4 Concluding Remarks..................................................................................................................50 3 Case Study Description and Pilot Interview ........................................................................................53 3.1 The State of Pará.......................................................................................................................53 3.2 Federal University of Pará: Sustainable Development Programme/POEMA..............................55 3.3 Co-operation between Federal University of Pará and Automaker ............................................58 3.4 Pilot Interview with Automaker...................................................................................................61 3.5 First Theoretical Framework for Verifying Potential of Grouping................................................67 4 Results and Analysis.............................................................................................................................70 4.1 Method and Description of the Groups Interviewed ...................................................................70 4.1.1 Automakers.................................................................................................................70 4.1.2 First Tier Suppliers – ABC/São Paulo Region.............................................................71 4.1.3 Suppliers of Refined and Processed Fibers – Non-Industrialised Tropical Region......72 4.1.4 Sustainable Development Programme – Federal University of Pará...........................72 4.1.5 Sectorial Associations.................................................................................................73 4.2 Results.......................................................................................................................................73 4.3 Analysis......................................................................................................................................87 4.3.1 Main Stakeholders.......................................................................................................88 4.3.2 Possible Difficulties......................................................................................................89 4.3.3 Burdens.......................................................................................................................90 4.3.4. Co-operation and Problem-Solving.............................................................................90 4.3.5 Competencies and Needs...........................................................................................91 4.3.6 Main Drivers................................................................................................................91 4.3.7 Possible Arrangements...............................................................................................92 4.3.8 Supplier Development.................................................................................................92 4.3.9 Policies........................................................................................................................93 4.3.10 Perspectives..............................................................................................................94 III Contents 4.4 Key-Factors................................................................................................................................94 4.4.1 Productivity...................................................................................................................95 4.4.2 Legitimacy ....................................................................................................................95 4.4.3 Development of Appropriate Technology .....................................................................95 4.4.4 Jobs and Income Generation........................................................................................96 4.4.5 Logistics Cost Reduction..............................................................................................96 4.4.6 Trend to Use More Natural Fibers................................................................................97 4.5 Concluding Remarks.................................................................................................................99 5 Final Results and Conclusions...........................................................................................................101 5.1 Research Concluding Summary and Main Results..................................................................101 5.2 Limitations and Proposal for Further Investigations .................................................................105 Bibliography............................................................................................................................................125 IV List of Figures and Tables List of Figures and Tables Figure 1 - Stages of the Investigation ....................................................................................................14 Figure 2 - Requirements to Suppliers ....................................................................................................44 Figure 3 - Sustainable Development Programme: Framework of Action ...............................................57 Figure 4 - Fiber Supply to Automaker Plants in São Bernardo and Juiz de Fora .................................66 Figure 5 - Fibers from Pará Region Used for Autoparts Manufacturing.................................................98 Table 1 - Automotive Plants in Brazil....................................................................................................39 Table 2 - New Companies and Factories for Light Vehicle Production in Brazil, ...................................... Late 90’s................................................................................................................................40 Table 3 - Mercedes A Car Sourcing in Brazil.......................................................................................43 Table 4 - Components and Sort of Fibers.............................................................................................63 V List of Annexes List of Annexes Annex 1 - Map of Brazil.............................................................................................................................106 Annex 2 - Brazilian Regions......................................................................................................................107 Annex 3 - Main