BeekeepingBeekeeping BasicsBasics MAAREC: Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and the USDA cooperating College of Agricultural Sciences Cooperative Extension Beekeeping Basics .................................................................................................................................................................. 1 Contents Introduction ......................................................................2 Diseases of Adult Bees ................................................. 46 The Colony and Its Organization .................................3 Parasitic Mites .............................................................. 48 Queen ............................................................................... 3 Pests................................................................................ 54 Drones .............................................................................. 4 Protecting Honey Bees from Pesticides .................... 61 Workers ............................................................................ 5 Honey Production and Processing ........................... 62 Laying Workers .............................................................. 5 Forms of Honey ............................................................ 62 Bee Development .......................................................... 5 Honey Removal and Processing ................................ 66 Brood ................................................................................ 6 Marketing ...................................................................... 72 Beekeeping Equipment ..................................................7 Pollination ...................................................................... 73 The Hive ......................................................................... 7 Moving Bees .................................................................. 73 Ancillary Equipment ................................................... 11 When to Move Bees on to the Crop ........................... 74 Protective Clothing ...................................................... 12 Colony Strength ............................................................ 74 Number of Colonies Needed ...................................... 75 Starting with Bees ......................................................... 13 Competitive Plants ....................................................... 75 Package Bees ................................................................. 13 Colony Distribution ..................................................... 75 Nucleus Colonies ......................................................... 16 Effect of Weather .......................................................... 75 Buying Established Colonies ...................................... 17 Crop Characteristics and Needs ................................ 75 Collecting Swarms ....................................................... 17 Pollination Contracts ................................................... 77 Taking Bees out of Walls and Buildings .................... 18 Selecting the Right Type of Bee for Handling Beeswax and Pollen Trapping ................... 78 Your Operation ......................................................... 19 Rendering Beeswax ...................................................... 78 Apiary Location ............................................................ 20 Trapping Pollen from Colonies .................................. 79 Beekeeping in the Urban/Suburban Setting ........................................................................ 21 Floral Sources ................................................................ 80 Handling Bees ............................................................... 23 Glossary ........................................................................... 82 Colony Management ..................................................... 25 Appendix ........................................................................ 89 Early Spring Management of A. Summary of Current Best Management Overwintered Colonies ........................................... 25 Practices.................................................................... 89 Swarm Management .................................................... 27 B. Apiary Inspection and Extension Services Late Spring and Summer Management .................... 30 in the Mid-Atlantic ................................................. 90 Fall Management .......................................................... 31 C. Chemicals Approved for Legal Use in Summary of Management Practices Honey Bee Colonies .............................................. 91 throughout the Year ................................................. 39 D. Sources of Information and Assistance for Beekeepers ..................................... 94 Managing Maladies ....................................................... 41 E. Beekeeping Supply Companies ............................ 98 Diseases, Parasites, and Pests and Their Control ............................................................. 41 Brood Diseases .............................................................. 41 Original guide prepared by Clarence H. Collison, former extension entomologist. Major updates and revisions prepared by Maryann Frazier, senior extension associate, Penn State, and Dewey Caron, professor of entomology and applied ecology/extension entomologist, University of Delaware. Contributions made by Ann Harmon and Dennis VanEnglesdorp. Mid-Atlantic Apiculture Research and Extension F!"#$ %"&'! ()"$"* %"+!$'*, "- M.!,.## F!./0'!; 1.%2 %"&'! ()"$" %"+!$'*, "- S$'&' W0330.4*. Consortium Beekeeping Basics ................................................................................................................................................................. 2 Introduction Beekeeping can be a fascinating hobby, a pro5table sideline, or a full-time occupation. You may want to keep bees for the delicious fresh honey they pro- duce, for the bene5ts of their valuable services as pollinators, or perhaps simply for the enjoyment of learning more about one of nature’s most interesting insects. Almost anyone can keep bees. Honey bees normally only sting to defend themselves or their colony; when colonies are handled properly and precautions are taken, stinging is not a major problem. Most beekeepers develop a tolerance for bee venom over time and have reduced sensitivity to pain and swelling. However, the few people who react strongly to bee stings and pollen or who are unable to get over fears of stings should avoid contact with bees. Most beekeepers in the Mid-Atlantic region are hobbyists. Beekeeping is generally considered a minor industry. However, because of its interrela- tionship with agriculture and dependency of grow- ers of several commodities on honey bee pollination, beekeeping is much more important than merely the value of the beeswax and honey produced annually. This manual is all about beekeeping—under- standing honey bee biology, getting started, man- aging bee colonies for fun and/or pro5t—and is designed to help you become a successful beekeeper. Welcome to the world of beekeeping. The Colony and Its Organization ......................................................................................................................................... 3 The Colony and Its Organization Honey bees are social insects, which means that stores, and the size of the worker force. As the size of they live together in large, well-organized family the colony increases up to a maximum of about groups. Social insects are highly evolved insects that 60,000 workers, so does the ef5ciency of the colony. engage in a variety of complex tasks not practiced by the multitude of solitary insects. Communication, complex nest construction, environmental control, Queen defense, and division of the labor are just some of Each colony has only one queen, except during and the behaviors that honey bees have developed to a varying period following swarming preparations exist successfully in social colonies. These fascinat- or supersedure. Because she is the only sexually ing behaviors make social insects in general, and developed female, her primary function is reproduc- honey bees in particular, among the most fascinating tion. She produces both fertilized and unfertilized creatures on earth. eggs. Queens lay the greatest number of eggs in the A honey bee colony typically consists of three spring and early summer. During peak production, kinds of adult bees: workers, drones, and a queen queens may lay up to 1,500 eggs per day. They (Figure 1). Several thousand worker bees cooperate gradually cease laying eggs in early October and in nest building, food collection, and brood rearing. produce few or no eggs until early next spring Each worker has a de5nite task to perform, related (January). One queen may produce up to 250,000 to its adult age. But surviving and reproducing take eggs per year and possibly more than a million in the combined efforts of the entire colony. Individual her lifetime. bees (workers, drones, and queens) cannot survive A queen is easily distinguished from other without the support of the colony. members of the colony. Her body is normally much In addition to thousands of worker adults, a longer than either the drone’s or worker’s, especially colony normally has a single queen and several during the egg-laying period when her abdomen is hundred