Black Lives Matter Harvard Journal of African American Public Policy 2015 1 The Harvard Journal of African American Public Policy (ISSN# 1081-0463) is a student- run journal published annually at the John F. Kennedy School of Support the Government at Harvard University. An annual subscription is $20 for indi- viduals and $40 for libraries and institutions. Additional copies of Volumes I–XVII may be available for $20 each from the Subscriptions Department, Journal Harvard Journal of African American Public Policy, 79 JFK Street, Cam- bridge, MA 02138. Copies can also be ordered online: http://www.events. harvard.edu/profile/form/index.cfm?PKformID=0x41706b3fd. Donations provided in support of the Harvard Journal of African American Public Policy are tax deductible as a nonprofit gift under the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University’s IRS 501(c) (3) status. Please specify intent. 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Except as otherwise speci- fied, no article or portion herein is to be reproduced or adapted to other works without the expressed written consent of the editors of the Harvard Journal of African American Public Policy. 2 Harvard Journal of African American Public Policy 2015 Harvard Journal of African American Public Policy Harvard Journal of African American Public Policy 2015 3 Editor-in-Chief Senior Editor 2014-2015 Deloris Wilson Kalisha Holmes Deloris Wilson is a concurrent master in public Kalisha Holmes hails from the Washington, DC, administration candidate at the John F. Kennedy area, and currently works for the US Department Editorial Board School of Government at Harvard University and of State as a Foreign Service Officer. Throughout juris doctor candidate at Georgetown University her professional and academic career, she has pur- Law Center. As a summa cum laude graduate of sued her passions for language, policy, and culture Spelman College, her studies focused on interna- broadly. With an undergraduate degree in inter- tional relations and the African diaspora, taking national affairs from the Elliott School of Inter- her to both Ghana and the Netherlands to study national Affairs at the George Washington Uni- issues of human rights and discrimination. As pre- versity and a masters in public policy at the John vious senior editor, vice-chair of marketing and F. Kennedy School of Government, she strives to outreach for the 2013 Black Policy Conference, first understand and then act on the pressing pol- and cochair of the Negotiations Committee-Alter- icy issues of our time. She has experience working native Dispute Resolution Division of the Barris- in the public, private, and nonprofit sectors and ters’ Council at Georgetown Law, she is interested hopes to continue in this space throughout her in issues at the nexus of social policy, creative ex- Foreign Service career with the United States De- pression, and corporate social responsibility. partment of State. The editorial board of the Harvard Journal of African American Public Policy would like to Acknowledgements Richard Parker, Faculty Advisor Martha Foley, Publisher Pamela Ardila, Copy Editor 4 Harvard Journal of African American Public Policy 2015 Senior Editor Senior Editor Board Advisor Eugene Scott Jonathan Wall Patrick Boateng II Eugene Scott is currently a graduate student at the Jonathan Wall is a second-year student at Harvard Patrick Boateng II is former editor-in-chief of John F. Kennedy School of Government focusing Law School, hailing from Raleigh, North Caroli- the Harvard Journal of African American Public on urban policy issues. For more than a decade, he na. After graduating from Morehouse College in Policy. He is a Foreign Service Officer with the US has worked in journalism, nonprofit management, 2012, he went on to receive his master’s degree in Department of State and partner of an indepen- and consulting reporting on and helping to find education policy and management from the Har- dent design studio, Three South Studio. Patrick is solutions to the challenges plaguing urban cores. vard Graduate School of Education. Jonathan is a interested in issues of urban development, design, His work has appeared in USA Today, Washing- member of the Advocates for Education, the Black social policy, and economics. tonPost.com, Newsweek, NPR, and MSNBC. Law Students Association, and the Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review. In his free time, he enjoys documentaries, sports, and his role as captain of Harvard Law’s traveling club basketball team. thank the following individuals for their generous support and contributions to the publication of this issue: Monique Z Osius, Graphic & Layout Designer Kehinde Wiley, Cover Art David Ellwood, Dean of the John F. Kennedy School of Government Harvard Journal of African American Public Policy 2015 5 Editor’s Note Our Account Table of 8 Deloris C. Wilson 21 A Ferguson Photo Journal Derecka Purnell, Mary Glen Fredrick Contents The Fire This Time Accepting the Unacceptable 12 Will Hack 28 Judicial Backing of Racial Profiling in America Zoe Cadore The Whole System Is Guilty as for mrs garner 13 Hell 32 Clint Smith Interrupting a Legacy of Racist Police Culture Through a Human Rights Lens Justin Hansford The Virtues of Black Rage Six Months Later 19 Breanne J. Palmer 33 ArchCity Defenders’ Municipal Courts White Paper, Current Challenges to Change the System, and Next Steps for Comprehensive Reform Thomas Harvey 6 Harvard Journal of African American Public Policy 2015 Learning from Ferguson Alabama Grain Terra Firma 52 Using Body Cameras and 74 Desmond Wilson 97 Medical-Legal Care for Participatory Governance to Unaccompanied Immigrant Improve Policing Garifuna Children Lucas Turner-Owens, Casey McQuillan Jenny Ajl, Cristina Muñiz de la Peña, Alan Shapiro, Brett Stark The Continuing Significance Interview with Justin Simien, Interview with David Ellwood, 57 of Race 76 Director of Dear White People 105 Dean of the John F. Kennedy An American Dilemma Kalisha Holmes School of Government Stephen Balkaran Eugene Scott Where People Move and Find Social Finance in Black Trapped in a Reflection 61 Their Being 78 Geographies 107 (The Color of Sky) Konstantin Kulakov A Statistical Analysis of Locations Brandon Moore in Los Angeles County Matthew Miller Race, Place and Police Education Policy as a Means 65 The 2009 Shooting of Oscar Grant 92 to Preserve the Modern Civil Katherine Blaisdell, Eliot Glenn, Rights Movement in America Christine Kidd, William Powers, Damon Jones Rebecca Yang Harvard Journal of African American Public Policy 2015 7 Welcome to the twenty-first edition of the Harvard Journal of African American Public Policy. This is a banner year for the journal and a milestone for myself, as I’ve now been with the publication for three Editor’s Note years. In that time, I’ve proudly seen it evolve into a more modern, accessible, and reflective anthology as we strive to balance academic research and policy theory with a relevant—and actionable—critique of our current state of affairs. Our previous year, 2014, exposed the underbelly of life of a young Black man in small- or big-town America. As street protests and rallies served as the undercurrent of national debate, many witnessed for the first time what is wrongly recurrent for many: the death of unarmed Black men at the hands of White police officers. Such a dichotomy resembles the violent events that fed demands for social change fueling the spirit of the Civil Rights Movement. As footage of the savage attack on peaceful marchers at Selma’s Edmund Pettus Bridge provided a striking backdrop to racialized police brutal- ity and the confounding judicial decisions of 2014, we noted the passion and expressions of worldwide communities who summoned the same calls for justice as those who marched in 1963. The same calls that tolled half a century later. In many respects, 2014 was a year of regression; but as the children and grandchildren of those in the earlier struggle, we are privileged only as a result of their sacrifice and dedication to the movement of their time. As we observe a clock turning back, we are charged to be good stewards of our inheri- tance—: obligated to use our platforms to speak and contribute to launching a derailed dream back to course. We are new witnesses to injustice,; and we, too, have a testimony to give. The 2015 edition of the Harvard Journal of African American Public Policy is a distinguished publica- tion by virtue of its legacy, but more so by its contributors who speak to the core of new and renewed challenges of the twenty-first century. In expanding traditional boundaries and documenting the un- relenting fervor for progress, their work activates thought and reflection—calling to action our future lives at whatever roles we play—expectantly, as full citizens. Justin Hansford opens our issue. He was among those on the front line of protest in Ferguson, Missouri, following the fatal shooting of Michael Brown. Mr. Hansford elevates street protests to the international stage. His choice of weapon: to petition the United Nations for redress of grievances brought on by state brutality and targeting of young Black men in America. Breanne Palmer explores the polarization of nonviolent progress and Black rage against a backdrop of millennial youth activism. Spanning histories of movements past, influence of the Black cChurch, and political discourse of “radical” leaders, she justifies the outrage of the Black lived-experience through situational irony and provocative truth.