A STUDY OF PURPOSE, RESULT, AND CAUSAL HYPOTAXIS IN EARLY INDO-EUROPEAN GOSPEL VERSIONS by JOSEPH ALLEN PENNINGTON (Under the Direction of Jared S. Klein) ABSTRACT This study examines purpose, result, and causal hypotaxis in the gospel versions of selected early Indo-European dialects (Greek, Latin, Gothic, and Old English). The study describes the structure of each clausal type as to the conjunctions employed, variations in word order, the use of mood, and the nuances of aspect and Aktionsart, where these features are applicable. The hypotaxis of Latin, Gothic, and Old English is subsequently compared and contrasted to their respective Vorlage in order to determine the degree of native syntax and calquing. A conjunction in each language does not always correspond to a particular conjunction in the Vorlage. In addition, each language maintains its own syntactic constraints in regard to mood and aspect. Although the word order of the Vorlage is often imitated, especially in the case of the patterns exhibited in Latin and Gothic with the Greek, numerous discrepancies occur, which are particularly salient and prominent in the syncrisis of Latin and Old English. INDEX WORDS: Hypotaxis, Subordinate clauses, Purpose clause, Result clause, Causal clause, Indo-European, Early gospel versions, Comparative syntax, Gospels, New Testament Greek, Gothic, Latin, Old English, Vulgate, Aspect, Mood, Word order, Aktionsart, Conjunctions, Translation, Discourse A STUDY OF PURPOSE, RESULT, AND CAUSAL HYPOTAXIS IN EARLY INDO-EUROPEAN GOSPEL VERSIONS by JOSEPH ALLEN PENNINGTON B.A., Berea College, 1996 M.A., The University of Kentucky, 1998 A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY ATHENS, GEORGIA 2010 © 2010 Joseph Allen Pennington All Rights Reserved A STUDY OF PURPOSE, RESULT, AND CAUSAL HYPOTAXIS IN EARLY INDO-EUROPEAN GOSPEL VERSIONS by JOSEPH ALLEN PENNINGTON Major Professor: Jared S. Klein Committee: Keith Langston Jonathan Evans Electronic Version Approved: Maureen Grasso Dean of the Graduate School The University of Georgia May 2010 iv DEDICATION I dedicate this work to my beloved wife, Sybil Brand Pennington (), who daily inspires me to reach greater heights. This work is also dedicated to Miss Mavis, who has patiently waited for its completion. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation would not have been possible without the support and assistance of many scholars and friends. First, I am grateful for the advice and patient mentoring of Dr. Jared S. Klein, who recommended this project and worked tirelessly to ensure that I see it through. I also want to extend my gratitude to the other members of the committee, Dr. Keith Langston, who introduced me to the rigors of Slavic linguistics, and Dr. Jonathan Evans, who sparked in me an interest in Old English and Medieval philology. Finally, I wish to thank Dr. Wayne Coppins for his helpful comments and suggestions on how to improve the Greek portions of this work. I thank my wife, Sybil Pennington, for her support and kindness; my mother-in-law, Mavis Brand, for her sincere interest in this work; my parents, Jimmy Joe Pennington and Anna Ruth Bryant. To the following friends and acquaintances at the University of Georgia, many of whom have been my professors, I extend a warm thank-you: Christopher Cotten, Dr. Keith Dix, Dr. Max Reinhart, Dr. Alexander Sager, Dr. Peter Jorgensen (professor emeritus), and Dr. Mi- Ran Kim. I also acknowledge my professors at the University of Kentucky (Drs. Hubert Martin, Jane Phillips, Terence Tunberg, Louis Swift, Robert Rabel, Ross Scaife—of blessed memory, and Gregory Stump) and at Berea College (Jeanne Hoch, Robert Schneider, Duane Smith) for their efforts in preparing me well for this massive undertaking. I would also like to acknowledge the love and support of William Provost (of blessed memory), whose untimely passing was a tremendous loss to us all. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.............................................................................................................v LIST OF TABLES...........................................................................................................................x LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................... xvii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................1 1.1 Purpose and Focus of the Study........................................................................1 1.2 Previous Studies................................................................................................4 1.3 Theoretical Foundations....................................................................................7 1.4 Texts................................................................................................................12 1.5 Methodology...................................................................................................16 2 HYPOTAXIS IN GREEK ...........................................................................................19 2.0 Introduction.....................................................................................................19 2.1 Affirmative Final (Purpose) Clauses ..............................................................20 2.2 Negative Final (Purpose) Clauses...................................................................58 2.3 Result (Consecutive) Clauses .........................................................................74 2.4 Causal Clauses ................................................................................................82 2.5 Conclusion ....................................................................................................108 vii 3 HYPOTAXIS IN LATIN...........................................................................................134 3.0 Introduction...................................................................................................134 3.1 Final (Purpose) Clauses ................................................................................135 3.2 Result (Consecutive) Clauses .......................................................................165 3.3 Causal Clauses ..............................................................................................171 3.4 Conclusion ....................................................................................................203 4 SYNCRISIS OF LATIN AND GREEK HYPOTAXIS ............................................221 4.0 Introduction...................................................................................................221 4.1 Syncritical Analysis of Purpose Clauses.......................................................222 4.2 Syncritical Analysis of Result Clauses .........................................................254 4.3 Syncritical Analysis of Causal Clauses.........................................................264 4.4 Conclusion ....................................................................................................300 5 HYPOTAXIS IN GOTHIC........................................................................................302 5.0 Introduction...................................................................................................302 5.1 Final (Purpose) Clauses ................................................................................303 5.2 Result (Consecutive) Clauses .......................................................................324 5.3 Causal Clauses ..............................................................................................332 5.4 Conclusion ....................................................................................................351 viii 6 SYNCRISIS OF GOTHIC AND GREEK HYPOTAXIS .........................................364 6.0 Introduction...................................................................................................364 6.1 Syncritical Analysis of Purpose Clauses.......................................................364 6.2 Syncritical Analysis of Result Clauses .........................................................398 6.3 Syncritical Analysis of Causal Clauses.........................................................409 6.4 Conclusion ....................................................................................................449 7 HYPOTAXIS IN OLD ENGLISH ............................................................................452 7.0 Introduction...................................................................................................452 7.1 Final (Purpose) Clauses ................................................................................453 7.2 Result (Consecutive) Clauses .......................................................................482 7.3 Causal Clauses ..............................................................................................487 7.4 Conclusion ....................................................................................................508 8 SYNCRISIS OF OLD ENGLISH AND LATIN HYPOTAXIS ...............................522 8.0 Introduction...................................................................................................522 8.1 Syncritical Analysis of Purpose Clauses.......................................................523 8.2 Syncritical Analysis