Psychology, 2010, 1: 185-193 185 doi:10.4236/psych.2010.13025 Published Online August 2010 (http://www.SciRP.org/journal/psych) Mapping the Self with Units of Culture Lloyd H. Robertson Northlands College, La Ronge, Canada. Email: [email protected] Received May 10th, 2010; revised June 9th, 2010; accepted June 11th, 2010. ABSTRACT This study explored a method of representing the self graphically using elemental units of culture called memes. A di- verse sample of eleven volunteers participated in the co-construction of individual “self-maps” during a series of inter- views over a nine month period. Two of the resultant maps are presented as exemplars. Commonalities found in all eleven maps lend support to the notion that there are certain structures to the self that are cross-cultural. The use of memes in mapping those structures was considered useful but insufficient because emotive elements to the self emerged from the research that could not be represented in memetic form. Suggestions are made for future research. Keywords: Culture, Identity, Memes, Self, Self-Structure 1. Introduction research into the self [17-19]. Since the Jamesian self includes that which may be seen to be me, and that which Psychologists have discussed many aspects of the self Harre had difficulty seeing, it remains an encompassing including self-concept [1,2], self-esteem [3,4], self-actu- definition. alization [5,6], self-efficacy [7,8], and self-validation [9]. If the self is defined as a cognitive structure [20-22], Eric Erikson said, “The ability to form intimate relation- then it is necessarily a cultural construct [23-25] which ships depends largely on having a clear sense of self” could be understood as consisting of units of culture [10]. William Bridges [11,12] tied his theory of adult [26-28]. Culture, in this sense, consists of all the ways of transition to changes in this “self”. Alfred Adler placed knowing, interpreting and doing that proliferate within a the self at the core of “world view” [1], and Adlerians given society. Dawkins’ [29] coined the term “meme” continue to emphasize social interest, intimacy and pro- representing elemental cultural units that exhibit attrac- duction in planning for self-change [13,14] Despite its tive and repellent properties with respect to other such central importance to psychology, little has been done to units. Similar terms for such units have been proposed empirically detail and map the core concept of self. Rom from a variety of disciplines including “mnemotype”, Harre [15] despaired at the difficulties inherent in such a “idene”, “sociogene”, “concept” and “culturgen” [30], study: but the term “meme” has increasingly come to predomi- “The self that manages and monitors its own actions nate and is used in this paper. and thoughts is never disclosed as such to the person Blackmore [26] suggested that the self is an interlock- whose Self (sic) it is. It is protected from even the possi- ing complex of memes, but she did not attempt to illus- bility of being studied empirically by its very nature. trate how this self may be structured. There has been Whenever it tries to catch a glimpse of itself it must be- agreement, however, that memes include cognitive and come invisible to itself, since it is that very self which behavioral dimensions [31-33]. It would be reasonable to would have to catch that very glimpse. It is known only infer that affective and connotative meanings associated through reason. It is never presented in experience.” with each meme as held within the mind of the individual William James [16] postulated the existence of an ob- would be the source of Dawkins’ [29] attractive and re- jective “me” that included physical, active, social and pellent “properties,” which could then result in self- psychological components coupled with a subjective “I” structures that may be displayed graphically. that included qualities of volition, constancy and dis- Thus, in this exploratory study the term “meme” re- tinctness. The Jamesian “I” and “me” were seen to be ferred to an elemental unit of culture that exhibits refer- different sides of a unitary self that could at once observe ent, connotative, affective and behavioral properties. and be observed, and it has become the basis of much “Referent” refers to the dictionary-like idea, concept or Copyright © 2010 SciRes. PSYCH 186 Mapping the Self with Units of Culture definition behind a culturally relevant label or term as choice but to grow up…. The first one fell in my lap, so I understood by the individual. Such units of culture also didn’t plan the first one, he just kinda dropped in my lap; had to evidence connotation and affect with the effect of I guess you could say.” This segment was coded with the prompting certain behaviors to count as memes. Rela- word “mother”. The resultant grouping of all segments tionships between memes were displayed graphically, coded for “mother” exhibited the following characteris- and the resultant self-referential structures were then tics: examined to confirm and extent our current understand- REFERENT: A biological fact associated with bearing ings of self. children CONNOTATION: There is a maternal responsibility 2. Method to those children to shape their behavior, and to ensure Participants were recruited using print advertising and their safety and success posters supplemented by presentations made to classes AFFECT: Love, caring, valuing of children and community groups in a process of purposeful ran- BEHAVIOR: Ensures that her children are safe, cared dom sampling. Participants were volunteers who agreed for, read to, go to school, and are given toys to talk about themselves in depth. The age range of the This woman’s belief that she was responsible for her eleven participants selected for this study was 24 to 59 children’s safety led to anxiety that they might not be with a median of 37.3. Eight of the participants in the safe. Her behaviours included sleeping with her baby, sample were resident in Calgary, Alberta, Canada and waking up in regular intervals to check the baby’s three were resident in northern Saskatchewan, Canada. breathing, and forbidding her older children from playing Four participants were university students, six were em- in a grove of trees next to their yard. A meme labelled ployed, and one was unemployed. The sample was “anxious” (for anxious person) was thus linked to equally divided by gender: five females, five males and mother. one transsexual. With respect to nationality, eight were By identifying and linking memes, maps for each par- Canadian, one was Chinese, one was Russian, and one ticipant were constructed. Themes involving clusters of had joint Canadian – US American citizenship. The ra- memes were noted on each map. Self-maps were then cial composition included seven Caucasians, two people returned to individual participants for elaboration, cor- of North American aboriginal ancestry, one Chinese, and rection and confirmation. In each case a more elaborate one person whose mother was aboriginal and father was second map was prepared based upon what each partici- “white” who identified herself as simply “Canadian”. pant said in their second interview. These maps were The eleven participants were taken to represent sufficient then returned to the participants in a third interview. diversity to test the generable applicability of this method Only two participants suggested additions to their maps of mapping the self. at the third interview. Self-maps were tested for reso- Participants were given an open-ended question invit- nance during the second and third interviews with reso- ing them to explain who they were in detail. Prompts nance defined as a felt experience of self-identification were allowed inviting elaboration. Following the qualita- with the maps as presented. Each participant had the final tive method advocated by Miles and Huberman [34], say on the composition of their self-map. self-descriptive data obtained during these initial 1.5 to 3. Individual Results: The Maps of Two two hour interviews were transcribed, and segmented portions were given code words by the researcher repre- Selves senting specific units of thought. All of the segments Due to space limitations it was not possible to present all with the same code were then grouped, and each resul- participant self-maps. Two were selected for presentation tant grouping or “bin” was examined for referent, con- on the basis of diversity with one representing a male notative, affective and behavioral dimensions. Bins that from an individualist culture and the other representing a exhibited all four dimensions satisfied the definition of female from a collectivist culture. The subsequent sec- the term “meme” as used in this study, and the qualities tion includes a summary comparison of all eleven self- of each meme were examined for possible positive link- maps. ages or “attractions” with other memes. Memes that con- 3.1 The Self of an Urban Caucasian Canadian tained reference to another meme in their definition or shared one of the four dimensions were deemed to be Male linked. Code words representing each meme were then “Brent” explained who he was in a series of remembered displayed graphically and lines were drawn represented narratives; moreover, he defined himself as one who re- linkages. members. More segments (13) were coded for “remem- As an example of this segmenting process, a young berer” than any of the other 30 memes applied 119 times aboriginal (Metis) mother of three explained how be- to 74 segments of text transcribed from the initial inter- coming pregnant changed her: “Having kids, you have no view. By linking related units of culture, and by adding Copyright © 2010 SciRes. PSYCH Mapping the Self with Units of Culture 187 thematic interpretive understandings, the complex struc- he had not developed the level of self-esteem he needed ture of interlocking memes illustrated in Figure 1emer- to pursue his career until he was well into adulthood, and ged with “rememberer” pictured as a diamond so as to he attributed his new emphasis on self-esteem to the sus- highlight its importance as a theme in his life.