From Damsel in Distress to Predatory Harlot: Historiography and the Fourteenth-Century Queen Isabella, “She-Wolf of France” A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Master of Arts in History University of Regina By Robert Jason Phillipson Regina, Saskatchewan October, 2015 Copyright 2015: R.J. Phillipson UNIVERSITY OF REGINA FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH SUPERVISORY AND EXAMINING COMMITTEE Robert Jason Phillipson, candidate for the degree of Master of Arts in History, has presented a thesis titled, From Damsel in Distress to Predatory Harlot: Historiography and the Fourteenth-Century Queen Isabella, “She-Wolf of France”, in an oral examination held on August 6, 2015. The following committee members have found the thesis acceptable in form and content, and that the candidate demonstrated satisfactory knowledge of the subject material. External Examiner: Dr. Troni Grande, Department of English Supervisor: Dr. Allison Fizzard, Department of History Committee Member: Dr. Yvonne Petry, Department of History Committee Member: *Dr. Dawn Flood, Department of History Chair of Defense: Dr. Ann Ward, Department of Philosophy & Classics *Via Skype i Abstract Interpretations of Queen Isabella of France, known as both “the fair” and “the she-wolf of France,” have changed drastically since her life in the fourteenth century. Originally she was presented as a model queen and an exceptional wife. She supported her husband, Edward II of England, and excelled in diplomacy. Interpretations following her fall from power have, however, often presented her as inept and grasping. This dichotomy created two distinct Isabellas: the charming damsel of contemporary sources and the greedy harlot of her later biographers. Combining these two halves into a composite has proved challenging for historians of Isabella. Analyzing the historiography surrounding Isabella has allowed a better understanding of her actions and shed light on the intentions of those who have written about her. Concepts of gender also played a prominent role in interpretations of Isabella and her extraordinary actions. She overthrew her husband and ruled in the name of her son, Edward III of England, for four years. During her life, contemporary writing stressed Isabella’s adherence to gender roles despite her drastic actions. Works after her fall from power portrayed a rebellious Isabella usurping a masculine role. Tracing the divergent interpretations of Isabella allows for a deeper understanding of the importance of gender in historiography. Gender has been a primary tool used in the interpretation of Isabella for several centuries. It also highlights the importance of queenship studies in furthering our understanding of powerful and political women from the Middle Ages. ii Acknowledgements I would like to thank the University of Regina and the Department of History for welcoming me as a graduate student and for the financial support offered along the way. The History Graduate Award helped to ease the transition to being a graduate student while a teaching assistant position allowed me to continue my studies. As well, I would like to thank the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research for a travel award which enabled me to present a preliminary draft of my thesis to the Canadian Society of Medievalists at Congress 2014. I also owe thanks to my supervisor, Allison Fizzard, and my committee members. Dr. Fizzard patiently guided me to a topic I had not thought of and ruthlessly forced me to learn proper prose and punctuation. Without her help, and the suggestions of Drs. Petry, Ganev, Flood, and Grande, my thesis never would have developed into what it is today. The University of Regina and the Department of History is filled with enthusiastic and supportive individuals and I wish to thank them all. Lastly I would like to thank my unofficial proofreaders and editors, Lynda and Dani Phillipson. Lynda removed at least two hundred conjunctions and Dani suggested at least two hundred corrections. Without them I never would have stayed in my word count. iii Dedication To my family, for calmly telling me whenever I am wrong. iv Table of Contents Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………i Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………………….ii Dedication………………………………………………………………………………..iii Table of Contents………………………………………………………………………...iv Thesis……………………………………………………………………………………..1 List of References……….......…………………………………………………………..42 1 Unlike examinations of kings, interpretations of queens are often slanted heavily to questions of morality and femininity.1 Contemporaries and historians alike expect a good queen to fit an idealized feminine role and maintain impeccable morality. She should be obedient and subservient to her husband while dedicating herself to the production of royal heirs.2 The increasing presence, in historical research, of both gender studies and queenship studies has begun challenging this focus on morality. Authors such as Theresa Earenfight contest assumptions about queenship and the frameworks of medieval power.3 She convincingly argues that interpreting queens exclusively on the basis of femininity and morality fails to provide a holistic representation of either the women themselves or their reigns. It leads to a focus on beauty, wealth, and personal relationships. It fails to recognize many unique situations or political structures that allowed a queen to exercise power.4 In the case of England’s fourteenth-century Queen Isabella, her popularity and political effectiveness have been regularly downplayed. She raised an invasion force, stole Edward II's army, and united the English nobility.5 It is only recently that biographers and historians have moved away from moralistic interpretations and, as a consequence, provided a more well- rounded understanding of Isabella, showing her incredible ability as a political instigator 1 John C. Parsons, “Family, Sex, Power: The Rhythms of Medieval Queenship,” in Medieval Queenship, ed. John C. Parsons (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1993), 1. 2 Theresa Earenfight, Queenship in Medieval Europe (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013), 22-23. For an example of the political repercussions when a queen is perceived to be immoral, see Charles T. Wood, Joan of Arc and Richard III (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988), 12-28. 3 Theresa Earenfight, “Without the Persona of the Prince: Kings, Queens, and the Idea of Monarchy in Late Medieval Europe,” Gender & History 19, no. 1 (2007). See also Katherine Allocco, “Intercessor, Rebel, Regent: The Political Life of Isabella of France” (PhD diss., University of Texas at Austin, 2004). 4 Earenfight, “Without the Persona of the Prince,” 9. 5 While historians generally deemphasize or overlook Isabella's popularity, it is occasionally acknowledged in limited situations. See, for example, Geoffrey le Baker, The Chronicle of Geoffrey le Baker of Swinbrook, trans. David Preest and ed. Richard Barber (Rochester: The Boydell Press, 2012), 20- 24. 2 and explaining more fully her popularity. 6 The classic interpretation is that Isabella gained popularity by posing as a spurned wife and lost it by showing herself as an adulteress.7 Examining Isabella through this traditionally gendered lens limits consideration of the queen to her adherence to and later rejection of accepted feminine roles. However, by looking beyond the Queen’s fulfillment of her wifely duties, recent historians have shown that her decline in popularity was affected at least equally by political and economic motivations. Isabella’s supporters did not simply object collectively to her romantic situation. Looking at the evolution of Isabella's narrative, this thesis will trace the changing attitudes and methods of her commentators. The conclusions made by historians and the range of evidence presented about Isabella have changed drastically. The primary evidence has slowly expanded from the use of chronicles alone to include administrative documents that indicate Isabella’s political and economic impact on her kingdom. Additionally, new interest has arisen in Isabella’s life before and after her time ruling England. Despite these developments, many authors still adopt approaches based on idealized femininity. Their resulting interpretations of Isabella have, in general, forced her into two competing narratives. The first narrative presents Isabella as a damsel, a status ordinarily reserved for unmarried women but explained in this case by Edward II's inability to fulfil his masculine role. Edward II’s degeneracy essentially negated the royal marriage. With Edward II unable to provide the protection and moral guidance required of a husband, Isabella was forced either to find someone who could (Roger Mortimer) or 6 See, for example, Lisa Benz St. John, Three Medieval Queens: Queenship and the Crown in Fourteenth- Century England (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012). 7 Sophia Menache, “Isabelle of France, Queen of England – a reconsideration,” Journal of Medieval History 10, no. 2 (1984): 112. 3 to fill the role herself. The second narrative frames Isabella as the degenerate harlot who failed to adhere to her proper, passive feminine role. Through these narratives, many historians have imposed their own, or their audiences’, conceptions of the feminine onto Isabella. Recently, changes in methodology have enabled some historians to begin reconciling these divergent approaches to Isabella. What emerges is a third narrative, one in which the queen is viewed