Demonstration Wetland Facility Preliminary Research and Implementation Plan Klamath River, Oregon Prepared for PacifiCorp October 27, 2014 2020 SW Fourth Avenue Suite 300 Portland, OR 97201 Contents Section Page Acronyms and Abbreviations .................................................................................................................. vii Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 1-1 1.1 Background ............................................................................................................................ 1-1 1.1.1 Hydroelectric Settlement Agreement ....................................................................... 1-1 1.1.2 Activity 2: Demonstration Wetlands Facility ............................................................ 1-2 1.2 Conceptual Description and Location of the Facility ............................................................. 1-2 1.3 Purpose .................................................................................................................................. 1-3 1.4 Research Plan Organization ................................................................................................... 1-3 1.5 TAC Composition and Role .................................................................................................... 1-4 Relevant Research and Technical Review ................................................................................... 2-1 2.1 Treatment Wetlands Phosphorus Removal Processes .......................................................... 2-1 2.2 Design Factors Affecting Wetland Treatment Performance.................................................. 2-2 2.3 Similar Wetland Treatment Projects ..................................................................................... 2-5 2.3.1 Other Regions in the U.S. and World ........................................................................ 2-6 2.3.2 Klamath River Basin .................................................................................................. 2-9 Klamath River Wetland Research and Design Issues ................................................................... 3-1 3.1 Technical Advisory Committee Research Priorities ............................................................... 3-1 3.2 Experimental Design of the Demonstration Wetland Facility ............................................... 3-3 3.3 Nutrient Removal and Retention ........................................................................................... 3-5 3.3.1 General Approach to Wetland Performance Evaluation .......................................... 3-5 3.3.2 Influence of Background Concentrations on Treatment Performance .................... 3-6 3.3.3 Hypothesis: Site Factors Affect Background Nutrient Concentrations ..................... 3-7 3.4 Water Balance Effects on Treatment Performance and Sizing .............................................. 3-7 3.4.1 Hypothesis: Water Loss Affected by Vegetative Cover and Loading Rate................ 3-8 3.4.2 Hypothesis: Groundwater Upwelling and Losses Affect Nutrient Removal and Retention .................................................................................................................. 3-8 3.5 Vegetation Effect on Nutrient Removal and Retention ......................................................... 3-9 3.5.1 Hypothesis: Vegetation Type Affects Nutrient Removal and Retention .................. 3-9 3.5.2 Hypothesis: Vegetation Type Affects Soil Accretion Rate ...................................... 3-10 3.6 Habitat Quality and Faunal Use of Treatment Wetlands..................................................... 3-10 3.6.1 Hypothesis: Wetland Vegetation Type Affects Faunal Occurrence and Use .......... 3-10 3.7 Other Potential Topics ......................................................................................................... 3-11 3.8 Summary .............................................................................................................................. 3-11 Demonstration Wetland Facility Description .............................................................................. 4-1 4.1 Overview ................................................................................................................................ 4-1 4.2 Demonstration Wetland Facility Size and Configuration ....................................................... 4-1 4.2.1 Features .................................................................................................................... 4-2 4.3 Construction........................................................................................................................... 4-9 4.4 Operation ............................................................................................................................. 4-10 4.5 Conceptual Site Locations .................................................................................................... 4-10 4.5.1 Site Attributes ......................................................................................................... 4-11 4.5.2 Site Prioritization .................................................................................................... 4-15 4.6 Cost ...................................................................................................................................... 4-16 WBG082114164357PDX III CONTENTS, CONTINUED Section Page Experimental Design ................................................................................................................. 5-1 Sample Collection and Data Analysis ......................................................................................... 6-1 6.1 Identification and Rationale ................................................................................................... 6-1 6.2 Specific Parameters of Interest .............................................................................................. 6-1 6.3 Data Analysis .......................................................................................................................... 6-2 6.3.1 Descriptive and Exploratory Statistical Analysis Methodologies .............................. 6-2 6.3.2 Regression Analysis ................................................................................................... 6-4 6.3.3 Comparison of Two Independent Groups of Data .................................................... 6-4 6.3.4 Analysis of Variance Using Parametric or Non-parametric Tests .............................. 6-5 6.3.5 Data Classification Techniques .................................................................................. 6-5 6.3.6 Time Series and Trend Analysis ................................................................................. 6-6 6.3.7 Graphical Depiction Requirements as Related to Monitoring Results and Comparisons .............................................................................................................. 6-6 6.4 Research Needs Identification ............................................................................................... 6-7 References ................................................................................................................................ 7-1 Appendixes A Sampling Plan Monitoring Parameters B Quality Assurance Plan C TAC Meeting Materials Tables 1-1 TAC Meeting Topics and Dates ............................................................................................................ 1-4 1-2 TAC Participants .................................................................................................................................. 1-4 2-1 Phosphorus Removal Data in Wetlands Receiving Flow from River Diversions and Other Large Systems ...................................................................................................................................... 2-3 2-2 TMDL Concentration Targets, Klamath River Basin ............................................................................ 2-5 2-3 Comparable US and Global River-fed Wetland Treatment Systems ................................................... 2-7 2-4 Klamath Basin Wetlands Research .................................................................................................... 2-10 3-1 Candidate Research Priorities for the Demonstration Wetland Facility Ranked in Descending Priority ............................................................................................................................. 3-2 4-1 Summary of Detailed Design Criteria for DWF Test Cells .................................................................... 4-1 4-2 Water Source Water Quality Information ........................................................................................... 4-8 4-3 Sources of External Phosphorus Loading to Upper Klamath Lake .................................................... 4-10 4-4 Conceptual Site Location Attributes .................................................................................................. 4-13 4-5 Demonstration Wetland Facility Cost Estimate ................................................................................ 4-16 5-1 Comparison and Contrast of Monitoring Approaches, Associated Data Collection and Analysis Requirements .......................................................................................................................