Table of Contents TITLE PAGE RACE DIFFERENCES IN INTELLIGENCE An Evolutionary Analysis Second, Revised Edition BY RICHARD LYNN WASHINGTON SUMMIT PUBLISHERS / 2015 COPYRIGHT PREFACE To the Second Edition World Distribution of Intelligence Figure 1. World distribution of the intelligence of indigenous people Chapter 1 THE MEANING AND MEASUREMENT OF INTELLIGENCE 1. Definition of Intelligence 2. The Hierarchical Model of Intelligence 3. The IQ 4. Flynn Effects Chapter 2 THE MEANING AND FORMATION OF RACES 1. The Formation of Races, Varieties, and Breeds 2. Varieties in Non-human Species 3. Taxonomies of Races 4. Race Differences in Diseases 5. Do Races Exist? Chapter 3 EUROPEANS 1. Intelligence of Indigenous Europeans 2. Lower Average IQs in Southern Europe 3. Europeans outside Europe 4. European University Students 5. Brain Size 6. The Heritability of Intelligence in Europeans Chapter 4 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICANS 1. Intelligence of Sub-Saharan Africans in Africa 2. High-School and University Students 3. Sub-Saharan Africans in the Caribbean and Latin America 4. Sub-Saharan African-Americans in the United States 5. Sub-Saharan Africans in Britain 6. Sub-Saharan Africans in Canada 7. Sub-Saharan Africans in the Netherlands, France, and Belgium 8. Sub-Saharan Africans in Israel 9. Short-Term Memory and Perceptual Speed Abilities of Sub-Saharan Africans 10. Musical Abilities of Sub-Saharan Africans 11. Reaction Times of Sub-Saharan Africans 12. Brain Size of Sub-Saharan Africans and Europeans 13. Sub-Saharan African-European Hybrids 14. High Intelligence of Sub-Saharan African Infants 15. Heritability of Intelligence in Sub-Saharan African-Americans 16. Validity of Low African IQs 17. Genetic and Environmental Explanations of the Low Sub-Saharan African IQ 17. Estimation of the Genotypic Sub-Saharan African IQ Chapter 5 BUSHMEN AND PYGMIES 1. Intelligence of Bushmen 2. Brain Size 3. Intelligence of Pygmies Chapter 6 SOUTH ASIANS AND NORTH AFRICANS 1. Intelligence of Indigenous South Asians 2. Intelligence of Indigenous North African 3. South Asians and North Africans in Britain and Australia 4. South Asians and North Africans in Continental Europe 5. Indians in Africa, Fiji, and Malaysia 6. South Asian and North African High School and University Students 7. Brain Size of South Asians 8. The Heritability of Intelligence in South Asians 9. Genetic and Environmental Determinants of the Intelligence of South Asians and North Africans 10. Intelligence in Israel Chapter 7 SOUTHEAST ASIANS 1. Intelligence of Indigenous Southeast Asians 2. Southeast Asians in the United States and the Netherlands 3. Brain Size of Southeast Asians 4. Genetic and Environmental Determinants of the Intelligence of Southeast Asians Chapter 8 AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINES 1. Intelligence of Australian Aborigines 2. Intelligence Aboriginal-European Racial Hybrids 3. Piagetian Intelligence of Australian Aborigines 4. Spatial Memory of Australian Aborigines 5. Brain Size of Australian Aborigines 6. Genotypic Intelligence of Australian Aborigines 7. Intelligence of New Guineansa 8. Conclusions Chapter 9 NORTHEAST ASIANS 1. Intelligence of Indigenous Northeast Asians 2. Northeast Asians in the United States 3. Further Studies of Northeast Asians outside Northeast Asia 4. Northeast Asians Adopted by Europeans 5. Northeast Asian-European Hybrids 6. Reaction Times of Northeast Asians 7. Visual Memory Of Northeast Asians 8. Brain Size of Northeast Asians 9. The Heritability of Intelligence in Northeast Asians 10. Environmental and Genetic Explanations of the Intelligence of Northeast Asians Chapter 10 ARCTIC PEOPLES 1. Intelligence of Arctic Peoples 2. Visual Memory of Arctic Peoples 3. Brain Size of Arctic Peoples 4. Genotypic Intelligence of Arctic Peoples Chapter 11 NATIVE AMERICANS 1. Intelligence of Native Americans in North America 2. IQs of Native Americans Assessed by the Draw-a-Man Test 3. Intelligence Of Native Americans In Latin America 4. Visual Memory of Native Americans 5. Native American-European Hybrids 6. Musical Ability of Native Americans 7. Brain Size of Native Americans 8. IQs of Hispanics in the United States 9. Genotypic Intelligence of Native Americans Chapter 12 RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY OF RACE DIFFERENCES IN INTELLIGENCE 1. Summary of Race Differences in Intelligence 2. Reliability of Racial IQ Data 3. Validity of Racial IQ Data: Number Concepts 4. Validity of Racial IQ Data: Educational Attainment Chapter 13 ENVIRONMENTAL AND GENETIC DETERMINANTS OF RACE DIFFERENCES IN INTELLIGENCE 1. Nutrition 2. The Dutch World War II Famine Study 3. Neurophysiological Effect of Malnutrition 4. Education 5. Black Infant Precocity 6. Delayed Maturation in Northeast Asians 7. Genetic Determinants of Race Differences in Intelligence 8. Genotype-Environment Co-variation Chapter 14 THE EVOLUTION OF INTELLIGENCE 1. General Principles of the Evolution of Intelligence 2. Intelligence in Mammals 3. Intelligence in Birds 4. Intelligence in Primates 5. Intelligence in Hominids 6. IQs of Monkeys, Apes, and Pre-human Hominids Chapter 15 CLIMATE, RACE, BRAIN SIZE, AND INTELLIGENCE 1. Evolution of the Races 2. Cognitive Demands in Northern Latitudes 3. Race Differences in Brain Size 4. Race Differences in Brain Size and IQ and Winter Temperatures 5. Brain Size and Intelligence in Humans 6. Contribution of Race Differences in Brain Size to Differences in Intelligence 7. Sex Differences in Intelligence and Brain Size 8. Genetical Processes in the Evolution of Race Differences in IQ Chapter 17 THE EVOLUTION OF RACE DIFFERENCES IN INTELLIGENCE 1. The Evolution of Intelligence in Sub-Saharan Africans 2. The Evolution of Intelligence in Bushmen 3. The Evolution of Intelligence in South Asians and North Africans 4. The Evolution of Intelligence in Southeast Asians 5. The Evolution of Intelligence in Pacific Islanders 6. The Evolution of Intelligence in Australian and New Guinean Aborigines 7. The Evolution of Intelligence in Europeans 8. The Evolution of Intelligence in Northeast Asians 9. The Evolution of Intelligence in Arctic Peoples 10. The Evolution of Intelligence in Native Americans 11. Conclusions INTELLIGENCE TESTS REFERENCES RACE DIFFERENCES IN INTELLIGENCE An Evolutionary Analysis Second, Revised Edition BY RICHARD LYNN WASHINGTON SUMMIT PUBLISHERS / 2015 © 2006, 2015 by Richard Lynn. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without prior written permission from the publisher, except for brief quotations embodied in critical reviews and certain other non- commercial uses permitted by copyright law. For permission requests, contact the publisher. Washington Summit Publishers P.O. Box 100563 Arlington VA 22210 email : [email protected] web: www.WashSummit.com Cataloging-in-Publication Data is on file with the Library of Congress ISBN: 978-1-59368-019-0 eISBN: 978-1-59368-022-0 Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 Second Edition Table of Contents TITLE PAGE RACE DIFFERENCES IN INTELLIGENCE An Evolutionary Analysis Second, Revised Edition BY RICHARD LYNN WASHINGTON SUMMIT PUBLISHERS / 2015 COPYRIGHT PREFACE To the Second Edition World Distribution of Intelligence Figure 1. World distribution of the intelligence of indigenous people Chapter 1 THE MEANING AND MEASUREMENT OF INTELLIGENCE 1. Definition of Intelligence 2. The Hierarchical Model of Intelligence 3. The IQ 4. Flynn Effects Chapter 2 THE MEANING AND FORMATION OF RACES 1. The Formation of Races, Varieties, and Breeds 2. Varieties in Non-human Species 3. Taxonomies of Races 4. Race Differences in Diseases 5. Do Races Exist? Chapter 3 EUROPEANS 1. Intelligence of Indigenous Europeans 2. Lower Average IQs in Southern Europe 3. Europeans outside Europe 4. European University Students 5. Brain Size 6. The Heritability of Intelligence in Europeans Chapter 4 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICANS 1. Intelligence of Sub-Saharan Africans in Africa 2. High-School and University Students 3. Sub-Saharan Africans in the Caribbean and Latin America 4. Sub-Saharan African-Americans in the United States 5. Sub-Saharan Africans in Britain 6. Sub-Saharan Africans in Canada 7. Sub-Saharan Africans in the Netherlands, France, and Belgium 8. Sub-Saharan Africans in Israel 9. Short-Term Memory and Perceptual Speed Abilities of Sub-Saharan Africans 10. Musical Abilities of Sub-Saharan Africans 11. Reaction Times of Sub-Saharan Africans 12. Brain Size of Sub-Saharan Africans and Europeans 13. Sub-Saharan African-European Hybrids 14. High Intelligence of Sub-Saharan African Infants 15. Heritability of Intelligence in Sub-Saharan African-Americans 16. Validity of Low African IQs 17. Genetic and Environmental Explanations of the Low Sub-Saharan African IQ 18. Estimation of the Genotypic Sub-Saharan African IQ Chapter 5 BUSHMEN AND PYGMIES 1. Intelligence of Bushmen 2. Brain Size 3. Intelligence of Pygmies Chapter 6 SOUTH ASIANS AND NORTH AFRICANS 1. Intelligence of Indigenous South Asians 2. Intelligence of Indigenous North African 3. South Asians and North Africans in Britain and Australia 4. South Asians and North Africans in Continental Europe 5. Indians in Africa, Fiji, and Malaysia 6. South Asian and North African High School and University Students 7. Brain Size of South Asians 8. The Heritability of Intelligence in South Asians 9. Genetic and Environmental Determinants of the Intelligence of South Asians and North Africans 10. Intelligence