ANNALES EDITORIAL BOARD Joanna Dzionek-Kozłowska (Editor-in-Chief), Rafał Matera (Deputy Editor-in-Chief) Janina Godłów-Legiędź, Janusz Skodlarski, Jan Jacek Sztaudynger, Danuta Walczak-Duraj SCIENTIFIC COUNCIL Chairman: prof. Czesław Domański, PhD, University of Lodz prof. dr. Tevfik Erdem, Gazi Üniversitesi (Turkey) prof. Wojciech Gasparski, PhD, Kozminski University, Business Ethics Centre prof. David J. Jackson, Bowling Green State University (USA) prof. Bożena Klimczak, PhD, Wrocław University of Economics revd. Biju Michael SDB, PhD, Salesian Pontifical University, Jerusalem (Israel) prof. dr. Nail Öztaş, Gazi Üniversitesi (Turkey) dr Přemysl Pálka, PhD Tomas Bata University in Zlín (Czech Republic) prof. Sharaf N. Rehman, University of Texas (USA) prof. Michał Seweryński, PhD, University of Lodz prof. Heather Hadar Wright, PhD, Wittenberg University (USA) INITIATING EDITIOR Agnieszka Kałowska EDITOR OF THE ISSUE Joanna Dzionek-Kozłowska TRANSLATORS Marta Koniarek, Wojciech Szymański, Dorota Woronowska PROOFREADING Mark Muirhead, Sharaf N. Rehman TYPESETTING Joanna Dzionek-Kozłowska TECHNICAL EDITOR Anna Sońta Publication of English-language versions of the volumes of the "Annales. Ethics in Economic Life" financed through contract no. 501/1/PDUN/2017 from the funds of the Ministry of Science and HigherEducation devoted to the promotion of scholarship The “Annales. Ethics in Economic Life” is affiliated and co-financed by the Faculty of Economics and Sociology of the University of Lodz The list of the reviewers will be published in the 4th issue of “Annales. Ethics in Economic Life” vol. 21 and available on-line on the journal’s website: http://www.annalesonline.uni.lodz.pl/reviews.html EDITORIAL BOARD ADDRESS “Annales. Ethics in Economic Life” Editorial Board 90-214 Łódź, Poland, 41, Rewolucji 1905 r. Street phone: 48 42 635 55 42 e-mail: [email protected] / [email protected] www.annalesonline.uni.lodz.pl Printed directly from camera-ready materials provided to the Łódź University Press © Copyright by Authors, Łódź 2018 © Copyright for this edition by Uniwersytet Łódzki, Łódź 2018 Published by Łódź University Press First Edition W.08679.18.0.C Printing Sheets 11.0 ISSN 1899-2226 e-ISSN 2353-4869 Łódź University Press 90-138 Łódź, 8 Lindleya St. www.wydawnictwo.uni.lodz.pl e-mail: [email protected] phone +48 42 665 58 63 CONTENTS 5 Michał Kasiński, University of Lodz Ethical and political dilemmas of local self-government in Poland in the course of systemic transformations (1990–2018) 7 Ewa Kulesza, University of Lodz The protection of customer personal data as an element of entrepreneurs’ ethical conduct 27 Małgorzata Zajaczkowski, Warsaw School of Economics Ethical aspects of the world trading system on the example of Fair Trade 45 Beata Bielska, Katarzyna Tamborska, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń Transnational corporations as entities of informal influence. Some reflections based on the example of their engagement in activities directed at LGBT groups in Poland 59 Maciej Soin, Lodz University of Technology Philosophical difficulties of stakeholder theory 75 Krzysztof Tapek, Jagiellonian University Corporate social responsibility in the light of Kant’s categorical imperative 85 Michał A. Michalski, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań Consumer social responsibility 97 Iwona Codogni, Cracow University of Economics The chances and limitations of applying a CSR strategy in Polish enterprises 111 Robert Rogowski, State University of Applied Sciences in Nowy Sącz The practice of CSR implementation in Polish companies according to the CSR advisors 125 CONTENTS 6 Urszula Gołaszewska-Kaczan, University of Bialystok Jacek Marcinkiewicz, University of Bialystok Jarosław Kilon, Grupa Partnerska BUCHALTER Assessment of investment attractiveness in shares of socially responsible companies based on the RESPECT index in 2009–2017 141 Agnieszka Marek, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin Corporate social responsibility in FC Barcelona as Carroll’s CSR Pyramid in practice 153 Artur Grabowski, University of Economics in Katowice Activity of German sports (football) enterprises and Corporate Social Responsibility 167 Annales. Ethics in Economic Life 2018 Vol. 21, No. 7, Special Issue, 7–26 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1899-2226.21.7.01 Michał Kasiński University of Lodz Faculty of Law and Administration Institute of Local Self-Government Law e-mail: [email protected] Ethical and political dilemmas of local self-government in Poland in the course of systemic transformations (1990–2018)* Abstract The study presents critical reflections on the course and results of Polish local self-government reforms from March 1990, when after 40 years of the system of territorial soviets (national councils), self-government was reintroduced into communes, until January 2018, when an attempt to improve the systemic institu- tions of self-government in communes, poviats and voivodships was once again revisited. The author points out significant discrepancies between the basic ethical and political values of local self-government, i.e. democracy, independence and efficiency, and the changing content of self-government systemic laws as well as the practice of local authorities’ operations, and formulates proposals aimed at repairing Polish local self-government by adjusting its organisation and function- ing to the principles resulting from the Constitution of the Republic of Poland and the European Charter of Local Self-Government. He considers as the most im- portant the elimination of pathological phenomena of simulated local democracy which include: a drastically low turnout in elections and referenda, the disappear- ance of democratic responsibility of local self-government bodies, and the auton- omy of the directly elected executive body of the commune from the influence of the local representation. From this point of view, he positively assesses the new regulations, strengthening the guarantee of transparency of operations carried out by local self-government bodies and control rights of councillors, as well as ex- panding the catalogue of initiative, consultative and control powers of citizens. He * The article is an updated version of the paper published in Polish in the Annales. Ethics in Economic Life, 12(2), 141–153. 8 MICHAŁ KASIŃSKI points out, however, that ensuring real democracy in of the local authorities re- quires a deeper reconstruction of the principles of self-government, the election process, and strengthening the role of representation in creating and enforcing the responsibility of executive bodies. Keywords: local self-government, local democracy, democratic responsibility, local self-government representation, local government unit executive body, European Charter of Local Self-Government JEL Classification: H70, N44, R50, Z18 1. The origins of local self-government in Poland Historical circumstances of the liquidation of local self-government and the impo- sition of the Stalinist model of Soviet power in the countries of Central and East- ern Europe at the turn of the 1940s and 1950s caused a much faster erosion of that model than in the USSR itself. One of the important reasons for that phenomenon was the presence in the social consciousness of the systemic alternative in the form of self-government traditions destroyed by the external pressure which were an important component of the sense of national identity and political culture. The vitality of the idea of local self-government in Poland is demonstrated by the fact that despite the great efforts made to remove it from the consciousness of society, the communist authorities themselves decided to refer to it at a time when their social base was rapidly shrinking and the ideology of “real socialism” went bank- rupt. In 1976, phraseological changes were introduced into the Constitution of the Polish People’s Republic, ascribing to national councils the features of not only organs of state authority but also basic units of social self-government. Under the conditions prevailing at the time, national councils could not fulfil such a role, as they did not come from a democratic choice and were not able to act independent- ly fostering local interests. On the contrary, they were even more strongly associ- ated with the apparatus of the Communist Party and devoid of social influence. It was also a period of deep centralisation of governance of society and management of the economy. After August 1980, the opposition circles demanded the restoration of real territorial self-government. The programme of “The Self-Government Republic”, adopted at the First Congress of the Independent Self-Government Trade Union “Solidarity”, was heading in that direction. It included the thesis: “Territorially, organisationally and materially independent self-government must be a real repre- sentation of the local community.” Marek Śliwiński (2005) has pointed to the social and even the anarchic and socialist character of the programme which pos- tulated workers’ self-management at the enterprise level and civic self-governance at the level of a bottom-up built state (pp. 84–85, 140). It did not include the de- ETHICAL AND POLITICAL DILEMMAS… 9 mand for decentralisation of public authority following the example of the 19th-century liberal state, but it also cannot be read as an approval for the then existing centralised system. On the other hand, the project of general reconstruc- tion of the social system towards pluralism and democracy