Adrian Curaj Ligia Deca Remus Pricopie Editors European Higher Education Area Challenges for a New Decade European Higher Education Area: Challenges for a New Decade Adrian Curaj • Ligia Deca • Remus Pricopie Editors Sjur Bergan • David Crosier • Michael Gaebel • Cezar Mihai Haj • Romita Iucu • Liviu Matei • Dominic Orr • Hans de Wit • Thérèse Zhang Co-Editors European Higher Education Area: Challenges for a New Decade 123 Editors Adrian Curaj Ligia Deca UNESCO Chair on Science New College Europe and Innovation Policies Bucharest, Romania National University of Political Studies and Public Administration Bucharest, Romania Remus Pricopie National University of Political Studies and Public Administration Bucharest, Romania This publication was curated by Irina Geanta ISBN 978-3-030-56315-8 ISBN 978-3-030-56316-5 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56316-5 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2020. This book is an open access publication. Open Access This book is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adap- tation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this book are included in the book’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the book’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publi- cation does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Contents Introduction ............................................ xxxi European Higher Education Area (EHEA)—Two Decades of European Investment in the Future ...................... xxxi Adrian Curaj, Ligia Deca, and Remus Pricopie EHEA: The Future of the Past ............................ xxxviii Pavel Zgaga Synergies between the European Higher Education Area (EHEA) and the European Research Area (ERA)—From Words to Action? ............................................ xliii Barbara Weitgruber The Role of Higher Education in Making Our Society Sustainable: An International Perspective ............................. l Pam Fredman Contents of Part 1......................................... Furthering the Internationalization of Higher Education: Particular Challenges in the EHEA (Coordinated by Hans de Wit and Ligia Deca) Internationalization of Higher Education, Challenges and Opportunities for the Next Decade ........................... 3 Hans de Wit and Ligia Deca The European Universities Initiative: A Study of Alliance Formation in Higher Education ...................................... 13 Andrew Gunn v vi Contents How Do Romanian Universities Promote Their Educational Offer and What Mechanisms Are Used to Attract International Students? .............................................. 31 Cristina Ramona Fiţ Addressing Career Services’ Internationalisation Challenges Through Transnational Consortia ................................... 53 Jérôme Rickmann, Adriana Perez-Encinas, and Nadia Fernandez-de-Pinedo Internationalization of Higher Education in Romania and Portugal— Strategies and Transitions at the (Semi-)Periphery .............. 67 Ligia Deca Regional Mobility in Europe: The Importance of CEEPUS Based on Hungarian Evidence ...................................... 81 Peter Holicza Drivers for Internationalization in Georgian Higher Education .............................................. 91 Pusa Nastase Does Erasmus Mobility Increase Employability? Using Register Data to Investigate the Labour Market Outcomes of University Graduates .............................................. 105 Daniela Crăciun, Kata Orosz, and Viorel Proteasa Integration Policy for Syrian Refugees’ Access to Turkish Higher Education: Inclusive Enough? .............................. 121 Hakan Ergin and Hans de Wit The Role of Demographic Policies in the Internationalization of Romanian Higher Education ............................... 131 Robert Santa and Cezar Mihai Haj Access and Success for Every Learner in Higher Education (Coordinated by David Crosier and Cezar Mihai Haj) ........... Evolving Social Dimension of the European Higher Education Area ......................................... 147 David Crosier and Cezar Mihai Haj What Does It Take to Build a Social Dimension Strategy? A Cross- Country Comparative Analysis of Romania and Austria ................................................ 161 Simona Torotcoi Contents vii What Works for Underrepresented Groups? Identifying Effective Measures for Enhancing Access to Higher Education in Europe .... 177 Simona Torotcoi, Delia Gologan, and Anastasia Kurysheva Access to and Experiences of Higher Education Across Europe: The Impact of Social Characteristics ............................. 197 Rachel Brooks, Jessie Abrahams, Predrag Lažetić, Achala Gupta, and Sazana Jayadeva Which Person Is Presumed to Fit the Institution? How Refugee Students’ and Practitioners’ Discursive Representations of Successful Applicants and Students Highlight Transition Barriers to German Higher Education ........................................ 211 Jana Berg Syrian University Students in Turkish Higher Education: Immediate Vulnerabilities, Future Challenges for the European Higher Education Area ......................................... 229 Armağan Erdoğan and M. Murat Erdoğan Networked in or Networked Out? What Can We Learn from Diverse Learners’ Experiences of Progressing with and Completing Doctoral Studies? ............................................... 253 Maeve O’Regan Contents of Part 2 .................................... Advancing Learning and Teaching in the EHEA: Innovation and Links With Research (Coordinated by Michael Gaebel, Thérèse Zhang and Romita Iucu) .................................. Advancing Learning and Teaching in the EHEA: Innovation and Links with Research ...................................... 273 Michael Gaebel, Thérèse Zhang, and Romita Iucu The Integration of Experiential Learning in Higher Education Institutions—An Assessment of the Romanian Universities ............................................. 283 Mihaela V. Cărăuşan Recognizing Student Activism. Analysing Practices in Recognizing Informal Learning in the EHEA ............................ 299 Marita Gasteiger and Janine Wulz Closing the Circle: Research and Policymaking in Education .............................................. 323 Simona Iftimescu, Georgeta Ion, Carmen Proteasa, Romiţă Iucu, Elena Marin, and Mihaela Stîngu viii Contents Assessing Students’ Perspective on Teaching and Learning. The Case of National Students’ Surveys .............................. 341 Stefan Marius Deaconu, Roland Olah, and Cezar Mihai Haj The Future of the EHEA-Principles, Challenges and Ways Forward (Coordinated by Sjur Bergan and Liviu Matei) ................. The Future of the Bologna Process and the European Higher Education Area: New Perspectives on a Recurring Topic ......... 361 Sjur Bergan and Liviu Matei A New Concept for the Future EHEA ........................ 375 Ann Katherine Isaacs Quo Vadis EHEA: Balancing Structural Continuation and Political Variety ................................................ 391 Jens Jungblut, Peter Maassen, and Mari Elken Taking Stock of the Bologna Process at 20: The Possibilities and Limits of Soft Law Governance ............................. 417 Ligia Deca and Robert Harmsen Autonomy, Efficiency and Effectiveness—Opportunities for Higher Education: A Pilot Study .................................. 437 Veronika Kupriyanova, Enora Bennetot Pruvot, and Thomas Estermann Charting Academic Freedom in Europe ....................... 455 Liviu Matei Re-Thinking an Educational Model Suitable for 21st Century Needs ................................................. 465 Tim Birtwistle and Robert Wagenaar Toward a Permanent Bologna Secretariat? .................... 483 Sjur Bergan and Irina Geanta Bologna Process in the Global Higher Education Arena. Going Digital? (Coordinated by Dominic Orr and Adrian Curaj) ........ Bologna Process in the Global Higher Education Arena. Going Digital? ................................................ 503 Dominic Orr Distant Partners: A Case Study of Global Virtual Teams Between Spain and South Korea ................................... 517 Enrique Planells-Artigot and Santiago Moll-Lopez Fostering Digital Skills and Competencies